Evaluation of residual values of different fertilisers at various rates used in phosphorus recapitalisation of an acid tropical soil

The success of ‘phosphorus (P) recapitalisation’ depends on the changes in residual value (RV) over time. RVs of triple superphosphate (TSP), Gafsa phosphate rock (GPR) and Christmas Island phosphate rock (CIPR) were determined with and without manure bimonthly for 14 months. RV was calculated as the amount of previously applied fertiliser required to produce yield X divided by the amount of freshly applied TSP required to produce the same yield. Dry matter yield (DMY) response curves were curvilinear, with maximum DMY (11 t ha^?1) occurring between 150 and 200 kg P ha^?1 at 6 months and declining with time to 2–4 t ha^?1 (14 months). Manure/fertiliser combinations increased DMY for CIPR but depressed DMY for TSP and GPR in all harvests except the first one. This can be attributed to nutrient imbalance caused by high P levels. RVs declined with time for fertilisers alone from 100–140% to 10–20% (14 months), while for fertiliser/manure combinations they declined from 110–180% to 10–20% (14 months). Increasing P rates from 100 to 300 kg P ha^?1 resulted in the depression of initial RVs (100–140%) to 20–60% and later to 10–20% (14 months). Therefore P recapitalisation was not beneficial and hence annual P application would be recommended at 100–150 kg P ha^?1. The phosphate rocks could effectively substitute for TSP. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

磷酸硼掺杂硅溶胶对蚕丝织物的阻燃整理

为获得具有良好阻燃性能的蚕丝织物,在硅溶胶中加入磷酸硼阻燃剂,采用轧-烘-焙的方法对蚕丝织物进行阻燃整理。同时采用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、极限氧指数、红外光谱等手段对整理前后蚕丝织物的表观形态、元素分布和阻燃性能等进行测试和表征。结果表明：将100 mL 硅溶胶、50 mL 去离子水、30 g/L 磷酸硼、50 g/L 柠檬酸、40 g/L 酒石酸、45 g/L 次亚磷酸钠于80℃搅拌3 h 后制得掺杂改性硅溶胶,把蚕丝织物浸入制备的硅溶胶中一定时间后取出,于170℃ 焙烘3 min,此时得到的蚕丝织物具有最佳的阻燃性能,其极限氧指数LOI 值为30.6%,且具有较好的耐水洗性。     

光接枝丙烯酸棉纤维素基TiO2/C光催化剂的制备与光催化性

针对回收利用废弃棉织物的功能和附加值低的问题,采用光接枝丙烯酸的废弃棉纤维素为模板,钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,无水乙醇为溶剂,经磷酸二氢铵处理后,通过表面溶胶凝胶法和火焰燃烧的方法制备具有纤维形貌的锐钛矿型二氧化钛和炭（TiO2/C） 的复合光催化材料。分别研究了丙烯酸接枝改性、磷酸二氢铵处理对TiO2/C光催化性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和热重分析对TiO2/C光催化材料的表面形貌和晶体结构以及质量损失率进行分析。结果表明,质量分数为30%的丙烯酸光接枝改性棉织物,经质量分数为15%的磷酸二氢铵溶液浸渍处理,用钛酸丁酯溶液抽滤沉积10次,在空气中燃烧2h制得的TiO2/C光催化剂具有较为优异的光催化性能。此时的光催化剂中锐钛矿型二氧的粒度相对较小,分布较均匀,更有利于光催化降解。     

氯化钠和三聚磷酸钠添加量对蒸煮火腿品质的影响

研究不同氯化钠或三聚磷酸钠添加量对蒸煮火腿保水性、质构特性及颜色等指标的影响。结果表明:随着氯化钠添加量的减少,火腿的蒸煮损失率和二次杀菌失水率逐渐增大,而氯化钠添加量降低至1.25%以下时,火腿的硬度、咀嚼度、弹性、黏聚性及回复性极显著下降(P<0.01);添加0.20%~0.50%三聚磷酸钠对于保持火腿良好的保水性具有重要作用,为保持火腿良好的硬度和咀嚼度,其添加量需要控制在0.35%以上。     

氧化石墨烯改性涤棉织物的制备及性能

以氧化石墨烯(GO)、磷酸酯类阻燃剂及黏合剂作为整理剂,用轧-烘-焙的实验方法对涤棉织物进行改性处理。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析改性前后的织物及燃烧残留物形态,用热重分析仪测试样品的热稳定性,用垂直燃烧法、抑菌环法及震荡瓶法分别探讨涤棉织物的阻燃、抗菌性能。结果表明:改性织物具备良好的阻燃及抗菌性能,且水洗后性能下降较少,表现出良好的耐水洗性。     

添加含磷与非磷保水剂对牦牛肉肉糜蛋白质氧化的影响

以添加复合磷酸盐、乳酸钠和柠檬酸三钠作为保水剂制作牦牛肉肉糜,以不添加任何保水剂处理的为对照,通过测定牦牛肉肉糜色度值、表面疏水性、总巯基含量和羰基含量,探讨三种保水剂的抗蛋白氧化性,并比较三者抗蛋白氧化性的差异。实验结果表明:在4℃冷藏条件下,7 d贮藏期间,保水剂确实可以延缓肉糜的蛋白氧化,保水剂的种类显著影响牦牛肉肉糜中蛋白质的氧化程度(p<0.05);其中柠檬酸三钠对肉色的改善效果最佳,在第7 d时比其它组的色度值都低为1.26;复合磷酸盐对降低蛋白质表面疏水性的效果最好,在第7 d时表面疏水性为108.70 nmol/mg,仅比第1 d增加了12.73%;乳酸钠对保护蛋白质巯基和减少羰基生成的效果最好,在第7 d时与其它组相比巯基值最大为94.94 nmol/mg,羰基值最小为25.25 nmol/mg。本研究为减少肉制品中蛋白质氧化提供了新途径。      

Hydroxypropyl-Distarch Phosphate from Potato Starch Increases Fecal Output, but Does Not Reduce Zinc, Iron, Calcium, and Magnesium Absorption in Rats

The physiological effects of hydroxypropyl‐distarch phosphate (HDP) were examined in rats. Male rats were fed a fiber‐free purified diet containing gelatinized potato starch (PS, 50 g/kg diet) that was not modified chemically or gelatinized, chemically modified potato starch (CMS, 50 g/kg diet) for 21 d. PS was used as the control. Six kinds of gelatinized HDP from potato with 2 different degrees of hydroxypropylation and 3 different degrees of cross‐linking were used as CMS. The wet weight and moisture of the fecal output of the rats fed highly hydroxypropylated HDP was 70% and 30% greater, respectively, than that in the control rats. The weights of the cecal wall and content of the rats fed highly hydroxypropylated HDP were 15% and 30% higher, respectively, than those of the control rats. The apparent absorption of Mg was 15% higher in the rats fed highly hydroxypropylated HDP than in the control rats. On the other hand, the apparent absorptions of Ca, Zn, and Fe were not affected by the diet. Cross‐linking did not influence the above‐mentioned physiological effects of HDP. Fecal excretion of bile acids and the plasma cholesterol concentration were not affected by the diet. These results show that the physiological effects of HDP depend on the hydroxypropylation but not the cross‐linking.