Efficient and Stable Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on a High‐Molar‐Extinction‐Coefficient Sensitizer

The high‐molar‐extinction‐coefficient heteroleptic ruthenium dye, cis‐Ru (4,4′‐bis(5‐octylthieno[3,2‐b] thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (4,4′‐dicarboxyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (NCS)₂, exhibits an AM 1.5 solar (100 mW cm^?2)‐to‐electric power‐conversion efficiency of 4.6% in a solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cell (SSDSC) with 2,2′, 7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐MeOTAD) as the organic hole‐transporting material. These SSDSC devices exhibit good durability during accelerated tests under visible‐light soaking for 1000 h at 60 °C. This demonstration elucidates a class of photovoltaic devices with potential for stable and low‐cost power generation. The electron recombination dynamics and charge collection that take place at the dye‐sensitized heterojunction are studied by means of impedance and transient photovoltage decay techniques.     

Self-powered structural health monitoring with nonlinear energy harvesting system

The present paper describes the application of the fully self-powered structural health monitoring (SHM). Based on the nonlinear process of microgenerators that directly convert ambient mechanical energy into electrical energy, using the synchronized switch harvesting (SSH) method developed in our laboratory, the nonwired SHM system is equipped. The system is separated into two parts. One is an autonomous wireless transmitter (AWT), its mass is 28.9 g, and it generates a radio frequency (RF) signal and a Lamb waveform as a damage index signal. Another part is these receivers, called autonomous wireless receiver (AWR), and its weight is of 67.6 g. A preliminary design of the device using shelf electronics and surface mounted piezoelectric patches is presented. The energy balance shows that more than enough energy to operate these processes can be obtained within 10 s (when around 50 Hz and more than 2 MPa of the stress level). Some different damage index measurements of SHM are finally discussed.     

Method to release hydrogen from ammonia borane for portable fuel cell applications

Ammonia borane (AB, NH₃BH₃) is considered to be a promising hydrogen storage material as it contains 19.6 wt% hydrogen. It is difficult, however, to release hydrogen from AB. Thermolysis, catalytic hydrolysis and heat generated by additional reactive mixtures are usually employed, but these methods have disadvantages that limit their use for portable applications. In this paper, we demonstrate a new approach to release hydrogen, which does not require any catalyst and produces relatively high hydrogen yield and environmentally benign byproducts. It involves nano-aluminum (nAl)/water combustion reaction, which provides heat for AB dehydrogenation and releases additional hydrogen from water. To facilitate higher H₂ yield from thermolysis, as compared to hydrolysis, AB is spatially separated from the nAl/water mixture using a concentric cylindrical container. The effect of the container design on hydrogen generation is studied and optimized. This study also includes transient temperature and pressure measurements, and product characterization using mass spectrometer and ¹¹B NMR. This approach provides H₂ yield up to 9.5 wt% on material basis. Our experimental results and analysis show that a proposed power source based on this method is promising for portable electronic devices.     

潮流能研究现状2013

21世纪以来,面对常规能源日益枯竭、环境恶化的局面,各国将目光转向可再生能源。海洋潮流能因为优越的可再生性、环保性及巨大的贮藏量而成为重点研究对象。至2013年,海洋潮流能利用在技术上取得了长足的进步,而且发展十分迅速,新概念、新技术和新装置层出不穷。本文从工作原理、技术特征、实验及应用情况等方面对其中具有代表性的潮流能发电装置的模型及实型作了综述和评价,通过对比分析能量转换装置和载体形式的技术特点,指出了当前潮流能开发中存在的主要问题及未来的发展趋势。     

Effect of Feedback Force Delays on the Operation of Haptic Displays

Recently, Virtual Reality (VR) technology has developed quickly, together with research conducted on various elemental and related technologies and research in various fields of its application. We experimented about delay times. The haptic media is very sensitive to the network delay and its jitter and packet loss. The analytic hierarchy process(AHP) is one of the methods used to evaluate physical phenomena as correctness of the human sensation. In consequence of its application to the present experiment, it was made clear that the haptic media could be estimated from the delay times. In this report, we experimented about the relation between the delay times and haptic sense. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Advancement in materials for energy-saving lighting devices

This review provides a comprehensive account of energy efficient lighting devices, their working principles and the advancement of these materials as an underpinning to the development of technology. Particular attention has been given to solid state lighting devices and their applications since they have attracted the most interest and are the most promising. Solid state lighting devices including white light emitting diodes (LEDs), organic LEDs (OLEDs), quantum-dot LEDs (QLEDs) and carbon-dot LEDs (CLEDs) are promising energy efficient lighting sources for displays and general lighting. However there is no universal solution that will give better performance and efficiency for all types of applications. LEDs are replacing traditional lamps for both general lighting and display applications, whereas OLEDs are finding their own special applications in various areas. QLEDs and CLEDs have advantages such as high quantum yields, narrow emission spectra, tunable emission spectra and good stability over OLEDs, so applications for these devices are being extended to new types of lighting sources. There is a great deal of research on these materials and their processing technologies and the commercial viability of these technologies appears strong.     

多孔孔板与楔形节流装置的数值模拟与标定

为了研究工程实际中多孔板和楔形节流装置内部流场的流动特性,并为流出系数的获取提供新的途径,采用计算流体动力学方法对多孔孔板节流装置和楔形节流装置的内部流场进行了数值仿真研究,并将数值模拟得到的流出系数与流量标定实验结果进行对比,来验证数值模拟结果的合理性与精确性．实验结果表明,流出系数的流量标定结果与数值模拟值之差小于4％,对多孔孔板和楔形节流装置工程设计提供了参考．     

计算流体力学方法分析一例喷射悬浮血泵的液力、悬浮及溶血特性

左心室辅助装置被用于治疗严重的心力衰竭,目前第三代左心室辅助装置采用液力悬浮或磁力悬浮手段,让转子悬浮在腔室中,从而完全避免机械磨损。然而,磁力悬浮需要主动控制和额外能耗,不利于长时间续航。而液力悬浮轴承间隙很小（通常小于100 μm）,在这一微小间隙中,会产生高切应力和滞流点,从而造成血液损伤。为此设计一种采用新型喷射悬浮手段的血泵。该悬浮手段为被动式,且几乎没有额外的能量损耗。运用流体力学方法分析这一血泵的液力、悬浮和血液相容性能,进行试验验证,并对比新型悬浮血泵和没有喷射流道的参照泵的血液相容性。研究显示,喷射悬浮方式可以在较大的间隙下有效实现转子悬浮,且具有良好的血液相容性,对左心室辅助装置的发展有重要意义。     

用于核救灾机器人的电机驱动器安全防护

电子器件的抗辐射防护和热防护是核救灾机器人安全运行的前提。为了使核救灾机器人具有更强的可靠性和更长的工作时间,以机器人驱动核心部件——电机驱动器为研究对象,从提高自身耐辐射性能、增强屏蔽以及热防护角度出发展开研究：去除和替换辐射敏感元器件,紧密式排布安装驱动器以提高空间利用率;基于蒙特卡罗方法模拟屏蔽材料的组成成分与屏蔽效果关系;引入相变材料延长驱动器的工作时间。以上措施确保电子器件在环境温度100℃、辐射总剂量为4.95×10⁵ rad情况下可以正常运行98 min,满足核救灾机器人的基本工作要求。     

Passive direct methanol fuel cells for portable electronic devices

Due to the increasing demand for electricity, clean, renewable energy resources must be developed. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) for portable electronic devices. The power output of six dual DMFCs connected in series with an active area of 4 cm² was approximately 600 mW, and the power density of the DMFCs was 25 mW cm⁻². The DMFCs were evaluated as a power source for mobile phone chargers and media players. The results indicated that the open circuit voltage of the DMFC was between 6.0 V and 6.5 V, and the voltage under operating conditions was 4.0 V. The fuel cell was tested on a variety of cell phone chargers, media players and PDAs. The cost of energy consumption by the proposed DMFC was estimated to be USD 20 W⁻¹, and the cost of methanol is USD 4 kW h. Alternatively, the local conventional electricity tariff is USD 2 kW h. However, for the large-scale production of electronic devices, the cost of methanol will be significantly lower. Moreover, the electricity tariff is expected to increase due to the constraints of fossil fuel resources and pollution. As a result, DMFCs will become competitive with conventional power sources.