精神损害赔偿的程序法适用

本文对精神损害赔偿的程序法适用问题进行了探讨.在对目前精神损害赔偿的程序障碍进行分析的基础上,提出了对精神损害赔偿进行救济时适用法律的原则,并对因犯罪行为造成精神损害所提起的刑事附带民事的具体操作进行了分析.     

Introduction to the special issue on diversity and leadership.

Theories of leadership have neglected diversity issues. As the population within the United States and in countries throughout the world becomes increasingly diverse, the contexts in which leadership occurs within institutions and communities will also become increasingly diverse. Attention to diversity is not simply about representation of leaders from diverse groups in the ranks of leadership. Attention to diversity means paradigm shifts in our theories of leadership so as to make them inclusive; it means incorporating explanations of how dimensions of diversity shape our understanding of leadership. It means paying attention to the perceptions and expectations of diverse leaders by diverse followers and to how bias influences the exercise of leadership. Although leadership theories have evolved and reflect changing social contexts, they remain silent on issues of equity, diversity, and social justice. Theories of leadership need to be expanded to incorporate diversity if they are to be relevant for the 21st century amidst new social contexts, emerging global concerns, and changing population demographics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-level investigation.

This study tests the influence of servant leadership on 2 group climates, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior. Results from a sample of 815 employees and 123 immediate supervisors revealed that commitment to the supervisor, self-efficacy, procedural justice climate, and service climate partially mediated the relationship between servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. Cross-level interaction results revealed that procedural justice climate and positive service climate amplified the influence of commitment to the supervisor on organizational citizenship behavior. Implications of these results for theory and practice and directions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conservation rates: the best 'new' source of urban water during drought

In the United States, water conservation-oriented rates (WCOR) are an increasingly vital tool for promoting water conservation and mitigating urban drought. Our models prove that one type of WCOR, drought demand rates (DDR), can produce with minimal regulation the quadruple objectives of conservation rates: (1) improving efficiency; (2) providing revenue neutrality; (3) assuring distributional equity and (4) guaranteeing the conservation of water. We demonstrate that such rates can also reduce days that urban streams drop below 'critical flow' levels, providing a voice for nature. Our study is situated in northern New Castle County (NCC), Delaware (DE), USA, and the lessons garnered have relevance for industrialized communities seeking a 'soft-path' to drought mitigation.     

景观规划理论的类型与范式研究综述

景观规划是风景园林重要的二级学科,其理论发展尚未成体系。根据景观规划理论的类型,分别从实质性理论、程序性理论两方面研究其范式演变。实质性理论发展包括3种范式:“格局—过程—尺度”范式、“格局—过程—服务—可持续”范式、“格局—过程—设计”范式;程序性理论演变包括:经验范式、实证范式、综合范式、试验范式。最后,实质性理论与程序性理论出现交融的趋势,景观规划在本质上应该是一个兼顾应用和求知的实践活动。     

Why does the public cooperate with law enforcement? The influence of the purposes and targets of policing.

This study addresses the extension of the “procedural justice” model for understanding public cooperation with law enforcement to new policing contexts and new minority populations. The study draws on four recent surveys of public reactions to policing against crime or against terrorism across different populations to examine whether the changing purpose of policing, or changes in the communities targeted for heightened policing, have an effect on how cooperative behaviors are elicited. This paper presents evidence that procedural justice mechanisms are robust across a variety of contexts and populations in the United States. Three issues in particular are addressed. First, whether the procedural justice model applies across policing functions and policed populations. Second, whether the perception that another group is the target of disproportionate policing efforts has any effect on the cooperation behavior of a non-targeted population. And third, whether people attend to different aspects of policing behavior if their community is targeted for heightened policing attention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Racial distinctions in the psychosocial histories of incarcerated youth.

This study examined the psychosocial histories of 134 male, juvenile offenders, focusing on race and the probability of being diagnosed with internalizing and/or externalizing psychological disorders at the time of their sentencing to a correctional institution for committing serious and violent crimes as minors. In addition, based on case file information, the author investigated offenders' histories with child maltreatment, court-ordered probation, and counseling services received as part of the child welfare and/or juvenile justice system. Results from logistic regression analyses indicated the probability for White youth to be diagnosed with internalizing disorders was over 19 times that of Black youth; however, rates of externalizing disorders were similar across groups. Although maltreatment histories were comparable based on race, White youth received more counseling services, were significantly older at the time of diagnosis, and were more likely to be diagnosed with internalizing and comorbid disorders. Issues regarding multicultural assessment in the child welfare and juvenile justice system are discussed, specifically highlighting the potential for attributional bias in the diagnostic and treatment recommendation process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

略论程序作为行政正当性的扩展——兼对《湖南省行政程序规定》的反思

行政程序立法是行政法发展的题中之义,当代社会治理结构的演化使传统行政正当性出现危机,需要行政程序立法改变定位,跳出法治规范主义的单一模式,在＂以程序约束权力＂的程序观之外,通过程序建构为现代行政提供新的正当性支持。对处于转型期的我国行政法发展而言,分析考察《湖南省行政程序规定》对我国行政程序法立法的文本与实践兼具重要意义。     

An embodied approach to arthropod animation

We describe a system for dynamically animating the locomotive behaviour of arthropods (insects, spiders and numerous other species) in real‐time, facilitating realistic and autonomous traversal across an arbitrary environment. By combining a decentralised reactive behavioural model with a hybrid approach to motion that utilises the comparative advantages of physical simulation and kinematic control, our system is capable of automatically generating complex organic motion over a wide range of surface features, independent of structural complexity. The reactive embodiment of the creature, combined with the physical simulation of the virtual world enables the formation of emergent behaviours that are entirely based on circumstance, including rigid‐body interaction, grip recovery and adaptive wall climbing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Urban Heat Management and the Legacy of Redlining

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Historical patterns of discrimination and disinvestment have shaped the current landscape of vulnerability to heat in U.S. cities but are not explicitly considered by heat mitigation planning efforts. Drawing upon the equity planning framework and developing a broader conceptualization of what equity means can enhance urban heat management. Here I ask whether areas in Baltimore (MD), Dallas (TX), and Kansas City (MO) targeted for disinvestment in the past through practices like redlining are now more exposed to heat. I compare estimates of land surface temperature (LST) derived from satellite imagery across the four-category rating system used to guide lending practices in cities around the United States, summarize the demographic characteristics of current residents within each of these historical designations using U.S. Census data, and discuss the connection between systematic disinvestment and exposure to heat. LST and air temperatures are not equivalent, which makes it difficult to reconcile existing research on the human health impacts of heat exposure that rely on a sparse network of air temperature monitoring stations with more granular LST data. Areas of these cities that were targeted for systematic disinvestment in the past have higher mean land surface temperatures than those that received more favorable ratings. Poor and minority residents are also overrepresented in formerly redlined areas in each of the three study cities.

Takeaway for practice: By examining areas that have experienced sustained disinvestment, cities may be able to more quickly narrow the focus of heat mitigation planning efforts while furthering social equity. Efforts to mitigate the negative impacts of rising temperatures in U.S. cities must be tailored to the local climate, built environment, and sociodemographic history. Finally, geospatial data sets that document historical policies are useful for centering and redressing current inequalities when viewed through an equity planning lens.