The effect of evaporation on size and shape evolution of faceted gold nanoparticles on sapphire

We studied the size and shape evolution of about 180 faceted gold nanoparticles attached to a sapphire substrate during annealing at 950 °C in air. We employed the scanning force microscopy and interrupted annealing techniques to track the changes in size and shape of individual nanoparticles. The height of all single-crystalline nanoparticles was constant up to the longest cumulative annealing time of 65 h. The lateral dimensions of ∼20% of all nanoparticles shrunk during anneals, while all three dimensions of the remaining 80% of nanoparticles remained constant. Only the nanoparticles with the height below the average (for all particles) were laterally shrinking. We formulated a kinetic model relating the lateral shrinkage of the nanoparticles to the evaporation of Au atoms adsorbed on sapphire. We also assumed that the process controlling particles shrinkage is the slow self-diffusion of Au atoms along the lateral facets of the nanoparticles toward the substrate. The model predicted a power law dependence of the shrinkage rate on the particle height, with the exponent n = 3. The corresponding exponent determined from the experimental data was n = −2.9 ± 0.3, in excellent agreement with the theory. The low value of the effective self-diffusion coefficient along the lateral facets determined with the aid of our model (3.2 ± 0.2 × 10⁻¹⁷ m² s⁻¹) was attributed to the difficulties of step nucleation on atomically flat facets.     

Taylor Bubble Study of the Influence of Fluid Dynamics on Yield and Selectivity in Fast Gas-Liquid Reactions

A consecutive competitive gas-liquid reaction is investigated using a Taylor bubble setup regarding the influence of fluid mixing in the bubble wake on yield and selectivity. The concentration fields behind a Taylor bubble are visualized and measured quantitatively with a novel time-resolved absorption imaging technique based on Beer Lamberts law and an integral selectivity is derived. In addition, the calculation of the local selectivity, often used in numerical approaches, is discussed and the existing experimental limits for its derivation are pointed out. Finally, an increase in selectivity of a competitive consecutive reaction for enhanced mixing is experimentally confirmed.     

Drag reduction of aqueous suspensions of fine solid matter in pipe flows

It is well known that drag reduction properties of polymer solutions in pipe flows are classified into two categories, based on the relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number. The degree of drag reduction either increases with an increase in the Reynolds number or is independent of the Reynolds number. In the latter case, the drag reduction behavior is referred to as type B behavior. In this study, the pressure losses of aqueous suspensions of biofibers and graphene oxide flat particles in pipe flows were measured to clarify the effect of the shape of suspended fine solid matter on the friction factor. The experimental results demonstrated that the behavior of the friction factor corresponded with the type B behavior of drag reduction. The mean velocity profile in the range of the turbulent flow was also estimated from the friction factor data.     

A three-dimensional mixed-domain PEM fuel cell model with fully-coupled transport phenomena

A three-dimensional mixed-domain PEM fuel cell model with fully-coupled transport phenomena has been developed in this paper. In this model, after fully justified simplifications, only one set of interfacial boundary conditions is required to connect the water content equation inside the membrane and the equation of the water mass fraction in the other regions. All the other conservation equations are still solved in the single-domain framework. Numerical results indicate that although the fully-coupled transport phenomena produce only minor effects on the overall PEM fuel cell performance, i.e. average current density, they impose significant effects on current distribution, net water transfer coefficient, velocity and density variations, and species distributions. Intricate interactions of the mass transfer across the membrane, electrochemical kinetics, density and velocity variations, and species distributions dictate the detailed cell performances. Therefore, for accurate PEM fuel cell modeling and simulation, the effects of the fully-coupled transport phenomena could not be neglected.     

安塞油田补偿成藏现象探讨

安塞油田三叠系延长组长6油层发育的区域，很少有长2、长3油层组叠加发育，而长6油层发育较差的区域，似乎是为了补偿而广泛发育诸如长2、长3乃至侏罗系油层。通过对安塞油田中生界三叠系延长组沉积特征、烃原岩发育及分布、油气运移、圈闭条件及类型进行综合研究，认为补偿成藏现象与鄂尔多斯盆地安塞油田油气运移规律和长4＋5盖层发育状况有重要关系，而长4＋5盖层发育程度是补偿成藏现象发生关键因素。补偿成藏现象对安袈油田油气勘探与开发具有重要的指导意义。     

Quantitative Evaluation of Thermal Inactivation Kinetics of Free-Floating Versus Surface-Attached Listeria innocua Cells

Surface pasteurization is one of the decontamination treatments that can contribute to better preservation of meat products retaining most of their quality characteristics relatively intact if compared with the raw products. The current research compares the kinetics of free-floating and surface attached Listeria innocua cells by using integrated microbial and heat transfer modelling approaches. Surface pasteurization treatments are applied on a (abiotic) Teflon® model system in a novel steam surface decontamination rig. The experimental set-up prevented following four technological aspects to occur, (1) cold purge migration to the surface during the heating process, (2) inactivation kinetics of a cocktail of microbes, (3) protective effect of food components, and (4) physical distribution of bacteria throughout the depth of the product skin. Microbial load predictions are performed based on the inactivation parameters obtained during free-floating cell experiments. These predictions, when compared with the microbial data of the surface treatments, prove that the surface attached cells were much more heat resistant, despite the experimental set-up preventing the aforementioned (technological) events to occur. Indeed, surface attached cells can have different physiological/phenotypical/genetical characteristics, such as cell aggregations, colony formations, presence of flagella. In a final step, three techniques are implemented to evaluate mathematically the kinetics of the surface attached cells. Overall, this research’s significance is lying in the quantitative assessment of microbial heat resistance. The technological reasons underlying the increased microbial heat resistance on biotic and abiotic surfaces should be reevaluated, taking into account possible physiological/phenotypical/genetical characteristics.     

Qualitative Experimental Evidences for the Thermal Wave Mechanisms of Temperature Oscillations in Living Tissues

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实验室岩心声学速度测试中的频散现象

本文主要对实验室岩心测试中由于高频引起的速度频散现象进行研究。研究中主要采用Gassmann方程计算了干岩样盐水饱和后的纵、横波速度,代替地震勘探频率下的纵、横波速度,并与盐水饱和样品的实测速度进行对比,由此估计速度频散的大小。通过对不同地区实例的研究发现:对物性较好的样品,频散现象较小,此时基于岩心测试数据所作的岩石物理研究可以用来指导地震勘探研究;而对物性较差的样品,频散现象较为明显,此时要审慎应用测试的数据。     

MACS系统人机界面反应迟缓的分析及系统的优化

对和利时系统工程股份有限公司分散控制系统(MACS)运行中人机界面反应迟缓等现象的原因进行了分析,并提出了系统优化的策略。     

异常网络流量中的相变理论研究

基于网络相变理论对网络异常流量的本质进行了研究,提出了基于Hurst参数反馈的动态拥塞缓解机制,理论分析和仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性和相对于传统方法的优越性,为异常流量的检测、控制研究做出了有益的探索。