Fatigue life assessment of adhesive joints based on ratchetting strain evolution

In this article, experimental tests have been performed in order to examine the behavior of double-lap adhesive joints under constant amplitude fatigue loading and then a fatigue damage model was proposed based on ratchetting strain as a damage parameter. This parameter was employed in this study since it is feasible to be measured during the operational life of structures without interruptions and in a nondestructive manner. The predictions produced by the proposed model revealed acceptable agreements with the experimental data. Afterward, an alternative form of the F–N curve was obtained, which can be used to establish the design allowables.     

Experimental study on the whole‐life heterogeneous ratchetting and ratchetting‐fatigue interaction of SUS301L stainless steel butt‐welded joint

Uniaxial fatigue tests of butt‐welded joint, made from SUS301L stainless steel, were carried out under asymmetric stress‐controlled cyclic loading conditions in this work. The effects of stress amplitude and mean stress on the whole‐life heterogeneous ratchetting and fatigue life of the butt‐welded joint were investigated, respectively, for the specified subzones. The experimental observations show that the whole‐life inhomogeneous ratchetting strain concentrating in a specific fusion zone (denoted as the FZ‐1 subzone) of the welded joint becomes more significant as the stress level increases; the fatigue failure also occurs in the FZ‐1 subzone, and the fatigue life depends on both the applied mean stress and stress amplitude and is determined by the combination of ratchetting damage and fatigue one in the localized FZ‐1 subzone.     

描述不锈钢材料单轴棘轮行为的一元参量体系

基于304不锈钢和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢单轴常温与高温应力循环棘轮实验，提出了棘轮应力棘轮门槛值的概念，发展了一套基于棘轮应力一元参量的，描述高温棘轮循环饱和材料的单轴棘轮本构行为和常温演化行为的方法体系，新体系降低了传统二元应力控制棘轮变形认识带来的难度，由于新体系方程结构简洁，建模方法简便，描述实验结果精度高，故适合工程应用。     

6061-T6铝合金单轴时间相关循环变形行为

对6061-T6铝合金进行系统的单轴应变循环和应力循环实验，揭示该材料在室温和高温下的循环变形行为，讨论环境温度、加载速率、峰，谷值保持对其应变循环特性及棘轮行为的影响。结果表明，6061-T6铝合金表现出弱的循环软化特性，其棘轮行为不仅依赖于平均应力和应力幅值的大小，还依赖于加载历史。尽管该合金的单拉行为对应变率的变化不敏感，但其循环变形行为却体现出明显的时间相关特性，即；应变循环下，在峰／谷值有保持时的响应应力幅值明显小于没有保持时的值，且随着保持时间的增加，响应应力幅值将进一步减小；应力循环下，在峰值有保持时产生的棘轮应变比没有保持时的值大，且随着峰值保持时间的增加及应力率的降低，棘轮应变明显增大。     

Material ratchetting of beam under steady axial load and cyclic bending

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to extend the applicability of the complete differential elasto‐plastic constitutive equations of the endochronic theory to describe the material ratchetting of a beam under a steady axial load and cyclic bending. Based on the assumption of the linear distribution of the through‐thickness strain of a beam under cyclic bending, the stress‐strain behavior of each through‐thickness point can be found theoretically. Experimental data of a lead alloy under a steady axial load and cyclic bending from Hyde et al. are used for comparison with theoretical predictions. It is shown that the theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental data.     

内压圆筒斜接管在面内循环弯曲载荷作用下的棘轮效应研究

利用自行设计的圆筒斜接管面内弯曲加载装置,采用电阻应变法,在多轴疲劳实验机上对面内循环弯曲载荷作用下的20#钢内压圆筒斜接管进行了棘轮效应试验研究,发现斜接管结构的锐角区存在棘轮应变,且主要发生在第一主应变方向即指向焊缝的方向。对于所研究的结构,最大棘轮应变点出现在对称面锐角区的接管侧。采用阶梯加载的方法获得了结构的棘轮边界点。利用修正的Jiang-Sehitoglu随动强化模型(MJS)对结构进行了循环塑性分析,并按日本三维有限元应力评价委员会(C-TDF)提出的等效塑性应变增量控制法确定了结构棘轮边界线,可用于评价结构的塑性安定性。     

A fatigue damage indicator parameter for P91 chromium‐molybdenum alloy steel and fatigue pre‐damaged P54T carbon steel

Two grades of structural steel were subjected to fully reversible, constant stress amplitude cyclic loading. The local strain response of the material was measured and recorded during the test, with the applied testing technique enabling the monitoring of hysteresis loop variation for the narrowest cross‐section of the hourglass specimen. Changes in hysteresis loop width, representing the local inelastic response of the material, were recorded in order to monitor the density of structural imperfections. Material ratcheting behaviour was observed as changes in the mean strain for selected load cycles. Ratcheting was attributed to local deformation of the material in the vicinity of imperfections such as voids or inclusions, as well as deformation induced by the propagation of microcracks. Definitions of a damage indicator parameter and damage parameter were proposed. The fatigue behaviour of the two investigated grades of steel was finally illustrated in the form of damage curves for different stress amplitudes and for undamaged and fatigue pre‐damaged material.     

Fatigue characteristics of continuous welded rails and the effect of residual stress on fatigue-ratchetting interaction

ABSTRACT

The importance of ratchetting-fatigue interaction is garnering interest due to complex failure mechanism of rail welds under cyclic loading. The objective of this paper is to investigate the fatigue characteristics of continuous welded rails (CWRs) and the effect of residual stress on fatigue-ratchetting interaction. For this purpose, UIC60 rails have been modeled using a three-dimensional finite element model, including a combination of nonlinear kinematic and isotropic hardening. In addition, the interaction between cyclic loading and the effect of residual stress on fatigue is taken into consideration. Finite element model is validated against representative experimental findings. Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) method is utilized in order to estimate the fatigue life of rail welds under static and cyclic loading. Lower fatigue life is predicted with increasing load due to the contact between rails and wheels. Simulation results also show that failure in the form of ratchetting occurs during the 10,236th cycle, while failure corresponds to the 15,290th cycle and the 145,161st cycle based on the SWT and Coffin-Manson fatigue models, respectively. These findings suggest that investigations on ratchetting and fatigue should be carried out simultaneously to estimate the failure of the CWRs.     

304不锈钢的高温单轴应变循环与棘轮行为

对３０４不锈钢分别进行了高温单轴奕变控制和应力控制下的系统循环试验,揭示和分析了循环应变幅值,应变幅值历史以及温度历史对循环特性的影响以及应力幅值,平均应力及其历史对循环蠕变（棘轮效应）的影响,研究表明,无论单轴应变循环特性还是非对称单侧应力下的棘轮效应不但依赖于当前温度和加载状态,而且依赖于其加载历史,得到３０４不锈钢高温单轴循环行为的一些有意义的结果。     

Uniaxial ratchetting in steels with different cyclic softening/hardening behaviours

The cyclic deformation of three structural steels, SS316L stainless steel, 40Cr3MoV bainitic steel and 25CDV4.11 steel, were studied experimentally by uniaxial cyclic straining or stressing tests at room temperature. The cyclic softening/hardening behaviours of the steels were discussed first by cyclic straining tests; and then the effects of cyclic softening/hardening behaviours on the uniaxial ratchetting of the materials were investigated by asymmetrical cyclic stressing tests. It is concluded from the experimental results that the ratchetting greatly depends on the cyclic softening/hardening behaviours of the materials, as well as the loading history. Different ratchetting and failure behaviours are observed for the prescribed steels. It is also stated that the proposed unified visco‐plastic constitutive model can provide a fairly reasonable simulation of the uniaxial ratchetting of SS316L stainless steel and 25CDV4.11 steel; but cannot simulate the ratchetting of 40Cr3MoV bainitic steel since the dependence of cyclic softening behaviours on the applied inelastic strain amplitude cannot be reasonably described in the discussed constitutive model. Some significant conclusions are obtained, which are useful to construct constitutive model to describe the ratchetting of the materials with different cyclic softening/hardening behaviours.