对有关抗冻设计规范问题的探讨

对《水工建筑物抗冰冻设计规范》和《渠系工程抗冻胀设计规范》不同特点做了对比分析,指出按各自的标准进行计算会给工程设计带来不同安全度,建议宜协调一致,以利工程设计遵循.     

全动床复式河槽水流阻力特性的试验研究

当水流漫滩后,由于滩槽间存在着强烈的动量交换,复式河槽在过流能力、泥沙输移、流速分布等许多方面不同于单一河道。通过水槽试验,探讨了清水作用下,由非均匀沙构筑而成的全动床复式河槽完全粗化后的水流阻力变化特性,包括水流能量损失、曼宁系数、谢才系数与达西-韦斯巴赫阻力系数等沿程变化。试验结果表明,对于清水作用下的全动床河道很难获得均匀流。断面平均流速沿程变化,单位重量水体经过单位长度而损失的能量将沿程改变。对于该类河道,在给定的水流条件下,阻力系数不再保持为常数,而是沿程变化的。这些特性表明全动床复式水槽水流阻力远比定床的复杂,要准确预测该类河道的过流能力及泥沙输移能力远比定床的困难。     

钻井泵十字头表面耐磨性增强技术及对比分析

钻井泵的十字头易磨损失效,目前主要采用表面改性技术来提高其耐磨性能。针对巴氏合金浇注、电弧喷涂、等离子喷焊和高速激光熔覆4种表面改性技术,从磨损机理、涂层结合强度、涂层材料及质量等技术角度对其进行对比分析。分析结果可为钻井泵十字头的表面耐磨技术评价体系建立及其应用提供参考。     

5Cr套管钢在不同CO2分压下高温高压腐蚀特性研究

为了研究5Cr套管钢在不同CO₂分压下的腐蚀特性,进行了5Cr套管钢高温高压腐蚀失重和高温高压电化学试验,并采用XRD、SEM和EDS等手段对其腐蚀产物进行微观分析。结果表明,在高温高压腐蚀环境下随着CO₂分压从低到高,其表面点蚀坑的深度和直径均无明显变化,而点蚀速率则出现逐渐减小的趋势;其腐蚀产物膜由Cr(OH)₃、FeCO₃和CaCO₃共同组成,且随着CO₂分压的升高Cr的富集量逐渐增加;在电化学测试中,随着CO₂分压的不断升高,5Cr套管钢表现出半钝化特征,产物膜逐渐增厚且致密,且极化电阻逐渐增大,阳极反应受到抑制,电化学反应阻力增大,其抗局部腐蚀能力不断提高。     

输气钢管内壁椭圆形坑失效原因分析

为分析某输气用X52QS钢级无缝钢管内壁椭圆形凹坑失效原因,通过力学性能测试、金相检测、化学成分分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、物相（XRD）分析等手段,对该凹坑产生原因进行综合分析。结果发现,凹坑区的C、Cr、Mo、Ti、B等元素含量高于正常区,且偏聚在凹坑区;C、B元素含量超标,化学成分不均导致凹坑区金相组织不均匀,使凹坑区发生微观原电池反应,凹坑区成为阳极被腐蚀而减薄;此外,凹坑内表面的CaCO3和SiO2含量较高,造成凹坑区垢下腐蚀;凹坑区表面膜疏松造成浓差电池,在介质冲刷等共同作用下会加速腐蚀,凹坑区壁厚持续减薄,最终形成更大的椭圆形凹坑。最后对样管最薄凹坑剩余厚度进行计算,发现已无法满足设计压力要求,建议换钢管或者降低设计压力后二次利用。     

气驱技术对油套管性能的新要求

为有效补充地层能量、大幅提高采收率,保持油田高效开发和持续稳产,国内外油田陆续开展了气驱试验。气驱技术在保持油田高效开发和持续稳产的同时,也延长了油田生命周期,但井筒完整性是制约气驱技术发展的关键因素之一。通过分析气驱井油套管失效情况,从全生命周期角度,提出了保证井筒完整性措施以及气驱工艺下油套管选材思路,并指出在注气井或采出井采用耐蚀合金连续油管和非金属连续油管,可兼顾防腐和气密封功能,将是气驱工艺的发展方向。     

不同标号沥青的流变性能

借助温度扫描、频率扫描、多重应力蠕变恢复等实验,对20号、30号、50号、70号沥青及其旋转薄膜烘箱老化后沥青的流变性能进行了评价。结果表明：随着温度升高,4种沥青老化前后复数剪切模量和车辙因子均降低,并且老化后的高于老化前;在60℃温度下,无论是在低频还是高频荷载作用下,标号越低,沥青耐剪切变形能力越强,耐车辙性越好,而应力敏感性降低;标号越低的沥青,G-R参数值越大,耐开裂性则降低。     

Sand corrosion,thermal expansion,and ablation of medium- and high-entropy compositionally complex fluorite oxides

Sand corrosion, thermal expansion, and ablation properties of a new class of medium- and high-entropy compositionally complex fluorite oxides (CCFOs) are examined as potential protective coating materials. Five binary oxides were mixed and sintered into dense, single-phase CCFOs of the general formula: [Hf_(1-2x)/3Zr_(1-2x)/3Ce_(1-2x)/3Y_xYb_x]O_2-δ (x = 0.2, 0.074, and 0.029). These CCFOs exhibit decreased molten sand infiltration and interaction at intermediate temperatures (1200-1300°C) in comparison with a cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) reference; however, at higher temperatures, the trend is reversed due to the increased chemical reactivity. The equimolar high-entropy (Hf_0.2Zr_0.2Ce_0.2Y_0.2Yb_0.2)O_2-δ exhibits no grain boundary penetration by molten sand at all examined temperatures (1200°C-1500°C), although reaction and precipitation are significant. Moreover, these CCFOs exhibit higher intrinsic thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) than the YSZ reference, thereby being more compatible with Ni-based superalloys. The 8YSZ-like (Hf_0.284Zr_0.284Ce_0.284Y_0.074Yb_0.074)O_2-δ exhibits the highest CTE in this series of CCFOs due to oxygen clustering effects. Finally, these CCFOs also exhibit lower emissivities and form unique faceted microstructures in ablative environments.     

SDC-SCFZ dual-phase ceramics: Structure,electrical conductivity,thermal expansion,and O2 permeability

New CO₂-resistant dual-phase Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.925–SrCo_0.4Fe_0.55Zr_0.05O_3-δ (SDC-SCFZ) ceramics present a promising outlook for potential future applications in membrane reactors and solid oxide fuel cells. Their high oxygen permeation flux and stability in CO₂ sweep gas also allow their integration in oxyfuel combustion. Here the structural characteristics, electrical conductivities, thermal expansion behaviors, and oxygen permeabilities of four different SDC-SCFZ membranes with weight ratios of 10:90, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 (SDC:SCFZ) are systematically studied. Among these four SDC-SCFZ compositions, 0.6 mm-thick 25 wt% SDC-75 wt% SCFZ displayed the highest oxygen permeation fluxes that reach 1.26 mL min⁻¹ cm⁻² at 950°C and retained its phase integrity under alternating He and CO₂ sweep gas over 72 hours of operation. This composite also showed a moderate thermal expansion coefficient of 1.90 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ between 30°C and 1000°C and an electrical conductivity of at least 16 S cm⁻¹ at 550°C and above. Modeling studies revealed that the oxygen permeation fluxes through 25SDC-75SCFZ are limited by surface exchange reactions from 700°C to 800°C and mixed bulk diffusion and surface exchange reactions above 800°C.     

Oxidation resistance and thermal stability of the SiC-ZrB2 composite ceramic fibers

In this study, continuous SiC-ZrB₂ composite ceramic fibers were synthesized from a novel pre-ceramic polymer of polyzirconocenecarbosilane (PZCS) via melt spinning, electron beam cross-linking, pyrolysis, and finally sintering at 1800°C under argon. The ZrB₂ particles with an average grain size of 30.7 nm were found to be uniformly dispersed in the SiC with a mean size of 59.7 nm, as calculated using the Scherrer equation. The polycrystalline fibers exhibit dense morphologies without any obvious holes or cracks. The tensile strength of the fibers was greater than 2.0 GPa, and their elastic modulus was ~380 GPa. After oxidation at 1200°C for 1 hour, the strength of the fibers did not decrease despite a small loss of elastic modulus. Compared to the advanced commercial SiC fibers of Tyranno SA, the fibers exhibited improved high-temperature creep resistance in the temperature range 1300-1500°C.