网络媒介影响下建筑相关问题初探

自工业革命以来形成的社会生活方式,在信息数字技术的影响下发生着悄无声息的变化.从原子到比特,数字化生存是必然的趋势.网络媒介的出现使得人们在交流和机会等方面获得平等的权利.随之产生的人们的生活方式、行为的改变已经为艺术领域带来了新的变化.通过对艺术创作的考察,为建筑领域的相关问题提供了参照、借鉴.在建筑创作中,＂图＂与＂底＂的关系正在模糊化,信息交流方式更多样化并具有一定的阶段性,动态的模数将导致更具个性化的设计,空间界面更为柔化,设计成果的生成也具有了更多的不可预见性.     

基于行为的Web用户满意模型*

在激烈的商业竞争中, 努力使得用户满意是企业成功的根本保证之一。分析用户对产品以及服务的满意情况对产品的改进具有直接推动作用,但是在复杂多变的网络环境下,基于用户主观打分的满意分析方法和理论在时效性及灵活性上存在不足。提出了一个基于行为的Web用户满意模型, 以Web访问日志为数据来源,通过分析用户的访问行为来研究用户的客观满意。此模型针对分析对象实时获取、分析用户的访问信息和客观满意情况,保证了较好的时效性和灵活性。     

Characterization of chemicals mediating ovipositional host-plant finding byAmyelois transitella females

Ovipositional host-finding in the navel orangeworm,Amyelois transitella (Walker), is brought about by an in-flight response to host odors. Wind-tunnel studies of the response of gravid females to almonds showed that this response is mediated primarily by long-chain fatty acids, particularly oleic acid and linoleic acid. Evidence for the behavioral activity of fatty acids is based on the fact that: (1) behavioral activity of almond oil was concentrated in a single liquid chromatographic fraction whose composition was predominantly long-chain fatty acids, (2) behavioral activity was lost when either almond oil or the active fraction of that oil was treated with diazomethane, (3) full activity was elicited by a selective extraction of free fatty acids from crude almond oil, and (4) upwind response by females was elicited by a blend of synthetic oleic and linoleic acids, albeit at a level less than that elicited by almond oil. Five fatty acids identified from the almond oil were: myristic acid (1%), palmitic acid (16%), stearic acid (3%), oleic acid (58%), and linoleic (22%). Attraction to various combinations of synthetic acids was observed only when oleic acid was present, and oleic acid elicited upwind flights to the source when presented alone; however, short-range responses were enhanced by the addition of linoleic acid, which elicited no long-range orientation by itself. Despite significant levels of attraction to synthetic blends, the percentage of females flying to the source was lower than that flying to acidulated almond oil, the best natural attractant tested. Thus, although longrange response may be mediated primarily by a blend of oleic and linoleic acids, additional and as yet unidentified components must also play an important role. Long-range chemically modulated host finding in this and other generalist plant feeders is discussed with respect to current models of the evolution of host finding, and it is argued that suggestions that long-range host finding should be correlated with narrowness of host utilization are logically flawed and are not supported by our current understanding of specific examples of host finding.     

Behavioral and electrophysiological study of antifeedant mechanisms associated with polyhydroxy alkaloids

Eleven polyhydroxy alkaloids of plant origin were tested for anti-feedant effects against larvae of the lepidopteransSpodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Heliothis virescens, andHelicoverpa armigera. Data from behavioral and electrophysiological investigations were correlated to reveal information on the mode of action of the antifeedants. The pyrrolidine DMDP was an effective antifeedant for all four species, whereas the piperidines fagomine and XZ-1 and the pyrrolizidine alexine were all ineffective as antifeedants. The activity of the pyrrolidines CYB-3 and DAB-1, the piperidines DNJ, DMJ, and BR1, and the bicyclic octahydroindolizine castanospermine varied among species. The investigation focuses on the structural similarities between some of the alkaloids and some common phagostimulatory sugars and illustrates a neural interaction involving the neurons that are differentially responsive to alkaloids and sugars. InS. littoralis, the neurons responding specifically to the alkaloids DMDP, DAB-1, and castanospermine and to the sugars fructose, sucrose, and glucose are more active when the compounds are applied singly than when an alkaloid and a sugar are applied together. The implications for the occurrence and functioning of different sugar receptor sites are discussed.     

Specificity of Systemically Released Cotton Volatiles as Attractants for Specialist and Generalist Parasitic Wasps

Cotton plants under herbivore attack release volatile semiochemicals that attract natural enemies of the herbivores to the damaged plant. The volatiles released in response to herbivory are not only released from the damaged leaves but from the entire cotton plant. We found that cotton plants that released myrcene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)--ocimene, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)--farnesene, and (E, E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene systemically from undamaged leaves of caterpillar damaged plants were attractive to the generalist parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris and the specialist parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. Plants from which the caterpillar damaged leaves were removed and that released those compounds systemically were significantly preferred over undamaged control plants in two-choice experiments in a flight tunnel. Artificially damaged cotton plants that released green leafy volatiles and constitutive terpenoids were less attractive for M. croceipes and C. marginiventris. Only C. marginiventris preferred artificially damaged plants over undamaged control plants, whereas M. croceipes showed no preference. The apparent lack of specificity of systemically released compounds in response to different herbivores feeding on the lower leaves is discussed.     

基于人体骨骼关键点的吸烟行为检测算法

针对公共场所的监控视频中烟头目标较小并且吸烟产生的烟雾易发散,仅依靠目标检测算法检测烟头或者烟雾来判定吸烟行为存在较大难度的问题,考虑到利用骨骼关键点来进行姿态估计的算法越来越成熟,提出一种利用人体骨骼关键点和吸烟行为之间的关系来进行吸烟行为检测的算法。该算法首先利用AlphaPose和RetinaFace分别检测出人体骨骼关键点和脸部关键点信息,根据手腕到两嘴角中点和手腕到同侧眼睛的距离之比,提出一种计算人体的吸烟动作比例（SAR）是否属于吸烟动作黄金比例（GRSA）的方法以区分吸烟与非吸烟行为;再利用YOLOv4检测视频中是否存在烟头;最后结合GRSA判定和YOLOv4的结果来确定视频中存在吸烟行为的可能性高低,作出是否有吸烟行为的判定。经过笔者录制的数据集测试,结果表明所提算法可以准确检测到吸烟行为,准确率达到92%。     

Otolith microchemistry shows natal philopatry of walleye in western Lake Erie

Natal philopatry is important to the structure of fish populations because it can lead to local adaptations among component stocks of a mixed population, reducing the risk of recruitment failure. By contrast, straying between component stocks may bolster declining populations or allow for colonization of new habitat. To examine rates of natal philopatry and straying among western Lake Erie walleye (Sander vitreus) stocks, we used the concentration of strontium [Sr] in otolith cores to determine the natal origin of adults captured at three major spawning sites: the Sandusky (n = 62) and Maumee (n = 55) rivers and the Ohio reef complex (n = 50) during the 2012–2013 spawning seasons. Mean otolith core [Sr] was consistently and significantly higher for individuals captured in the Sandusky River than for those captured in the Maumee River or Ohio reef complex. Although logistic regression indicates that no individuals with a Maumee River or Ohio reef complex origin were captured in the Sandusky River, quadratic discriminant analysis suggests low rates of straying of fish between the Maumee and Sandusky rivers. Our results suggest little straying and high rates of natal philopatry in the Sandusky River walleye stock. Similar rates of natal philopatry may also exist across western Lake Erie walleye stocks, demonstrating a need for stock-specific management.     

土工格栅加筋包边填砂路堤模型试验研究

为探究包边填砂路堤荷载作用下的极限承载力特性、破坏形态规律及加筋性状,设计了土工格栅加筋包边填砂路堤结构,改装美国GCTS公司的USTX-2000动静三轴加载装置进行加载,通过改变加筋层数、筋材布置长度及包边土厚度对土工格栅包边填砂路堤进行一系列试验。对不同工况下包边填砂路堤的极限承载力、封层及坡面法向累积变形、位移变化进行研究。试验结果表明:土工格栅加筋和增加包边土厚度可以显著提高包边填砂路堤的极限承载力,并能减小封层中、封层右及坡顶、坡中的法向累积变形;无筋路堤的滑动面在路堤内呈折线状且并未通过坡脚侵入地基,在坡顶的黏土和砂芯交界处产生最大位移;土工格栅加筋及增加包边土厚度可以使滑动面向路堤内部迁移但形态不变,且最大位移处向路堤内部迁移。     

考虑接触行为的U型渠道冻胀数值模拟

U型衬砌渠道具有良好的整体性和冻胀适应性,但在冬季仍极易因土体冻胀而导致破坏。考虑渠基冻土与衬砌接触面冻结的非线性特性和冻土、混凝土材料的塑性特征,建立能分析渠道基土与衬砌间挤压、脱开及滑移等接触力学行为的渠道冻胀破坏热力耦合数值模型。以宝鸡峡灌区塬下北干渠为原型渠道,按照模型是否考虑接触分别进行冻胀数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明:考虑接触的模型模拟结果与原型实测值更相符,更能合理地解释U型渠道冻胀在渠底与阴坡衔接处冻胀量最小;考虑接触的混凝土塑性应变最大值是不考虑接触时的3.76倍;考虑接触的法向冻胀力和切向冻结力更均匀,最大值均减少1.5~3.0倍,应力集中现象减弱,更能反映混凝土衬砌板与渠基土之间的滑移变形与破坏准则的相互作用。研究结果为U型衬砌渠道冻胀破坏规律提供了分析方法。     

上拔荷载对斜桩水平承载性状影响的试验研究

斜桩在承受水平荷载的同时,往往会受到上拔荷载的作用。为研究上拔荷载对斜桩水平承载性状的影响,开展了10根直、斜桩的室内模型试验,研究上拔荷载对斜桩桩顶水平位移和水平承载力的影响,对比了直桩与斜桩桩身弯矩和剪力的差异,并分析了上拔荷载对正、负斜桩桩身内力及桩侧摩阻力的影响规律。模型试验结果表明:上拔荷载从直桩水平极限承载力的12.5%增大到75%时,正斜桩水平承载力比增大21%,负斜桩水平承载力比减小25%。上拔荷载的存在会使正、负斜桩桩身轴力均增大,且上拔荷载越大,桩身轴力越大。上拔荷载能减小正斜桩桩身弯矩和剪力,使其抵抗弯矩和剪力的能力得到提高,而增大负斜桩桩身弯矩和剪力,使其抵抗弯矩和剪力的能力被削弱;不论正斜桩还是负斜桩,其上部区段桩身侧表面均出现了方向向上的摩阻力,而下部区段桩身侧表面均为方向向下的摩阻力,随着上拔荷载的增大,斜桩桩身侧摩阻力逐渐增大。