Emissivity Measurements on Metallic Surfaces with Various Degrees of Roughness: A Comparison of Laser Polarimetry and Integrating Sphere Reflectometry

Both integrating sphere reflectometry (ISR) as well as laser polarimetry have their advantages and limitations in their ability to determine the normal spectral emissivity of metallic samples. Laser polarimetry has been used for years to obtain normal spectral emissivity measurements on pulse-heated materials. The method is based on the Fresnel equations, which describe reflection and refraction at an ideally smooth interface between two isotropic media. However, polarimetry is frequently used with surfaces that clearly deviate from this ideal condition. Questions arise with respect to the applicability of the simple Fresnel equations to non-specular surfaces. On the other hand, reflectometry utilizing integrating spheres provides a measurement of the hemispherical spectral reflectance, from which the normal spectral emissivity can be derived. ISR provides data on spectral-normal-hemispherical reflectance and, hence, normal spectral emissivity for a variety of surfaces. However, the resulting errors are minimal when both the sample and the reference have a similar bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). In an effort to explore the limits of polarimetry in terms of surface roughness, room temperature measurements on the same samples with various degrees of roughness were performed using both ISR and a laser polarimeter. In this paper the two methods are briefly described and the results of the comparison are discussed.     

Placebo Psychotherapies and Nonconscious Learning in the Placebo Effect: Reply to Kirsch (2004).

In this reply, the authors explore several issues raised by I. Kirsch (2004; see record 2004-11156-008) concerning their original article (S. Stewart-Williams & J. Podd, 2004; see record 2004-11156-007), which dealt with the roles of expectancy and classical conditioning in the placebo effect. The only notable disagreement concerns a definitional issue, namely, Stewart-Williams and Podd's claim that the placebo concept can be extended to inert psychotherapies. The authors defend this claim against the criticisms Kirsch raised. In addition, they comment on the suggestion that nonconscious learning processes play only a small role in human placebo effects, arguing that there are theoretical reasons to expect these processes to be more important than has previously been recognized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MACHINING USING AN EXTENDED OBLIQUE MACHINING THEORY

This paper presents an extended oblique machining theory applicable to the analysis of 3-D machining. Existing theories are evaluated to identify suitable formulations which are used with necessary modifications for predicting various quantities pertaining to cutting conditions of three dimensional machining. Actual chip flow angles extracted from measured forces, to account for the nose radius effect, are used, instead of available models, to predict important quantities such as shear plane angle, effective rake angle and shear flow angle. Experiments are conducted in the realms of conventional and high speed machining using AISI 4140 steel and aluminum 7075-T6 respectively with uncoated carbide inserts, and various process conditions pertaining to the cutting mechanics are calculated. The extended oblique machining theory is experimentally validated in predicting temperatures at the tool-chip interface and shear plane for conventional machining. Simulation results from the finite element modeling are used for verifying the shear stress and shear plane temperature predicted by the extended oblique machining theory.     

数控车床加工效率的优选研究

以齿轮零件为例,介绍了数控车床加工时对怎样合理安排加工顺序,走刀路线、刀具的选择及切削要素的确定进行了分析,对在数控车床上加工类似零件有一定的参考价值。     

伦敦奥运会羽毛球消极比赛事件的可拓策略分析

2012年伦敦奥运会上,羽毛球选手的消极比赛引起了广泛关注.运用可拓学的理论和方法,对产生羽毛球消极比赛事件的关键因素进行基元分析,并以博弈论和可拓集合理论为指导,探索处理这一问题的系统最优策略.     

基于ABAQUS软件的微米级金属材料性能研究

为工程实践中迫切需要解决微米和亚微米量级的设计与制造问题,文章中运用MSG塑性理论利用Abaqus软件对铝合金的强度及均匀延伸率进行了比较系统的研究;运用有限单元法分析了MSG应变梯度本构方程和经典的弹塑性本构方程对不同晶粒尺寸的铝合金的应力应变关系;模拟不同晶粒尺寸的铝合金的强度及均匀延伸率。结果表明随着晶粒尺寸的减小,屈服强度、应变硬化明显增加,延伸率却往往越小。对于该问题的研究探索,将是解决材料强度与均匀伸长率这对矛盾体的问题关键,同时,为科研工作者提供了新方法和新途径。     

有机产品生产运行控制课程理实一体化教学改革与实践

通过对有机化工产品生产岗位工作任务调研,提出了课程改革的理念和思路,介绍了课程的实施,并对教学方法和手段、成绩考核方案设计等进行了改革,同时提出了理实一体化课程实施过程中要解决的教材、教学条件和师资队伍建设等问题。     

新广义相对论中的均匀宇宙学解

本文利用规范引力理论下的新广义相对论,给出费里德曼方程及其解,并加以讨论,得到一些新推论。     

浅谈邓小平德育思想

邓小平德育思想是邓小平理论的重要组成部分,在青年成才过程中,在成才方向、精神动力及实现社会价值等方面具有重要指导意义。     

基于遗传算法的0/1背包问题求解

利用遗传算法提出了解决０／１背包问题的３种算法,这３种算法分别是基于罚函数修正方法和译码方法的算法,理论分析表明,修正方法可以获得问题的最优解,在不同测试数据集上对这３处算法的性能进行了比较,结果与理论分析一致。