金华火腿汁提取工艺研究

文章对金华火腿汁的最佳提取条件进行了研究,结果表明提取时间为12h、提取温度80℃、加水量1：3是金华火腿汁的最佳提取条件。     

对虾原肌球蛋白致敏小鼠模型的构建及乳酸菌肠黏膜免疫效应对致敏性的影响

以原肌球蛋白（tropomyosin,TM）为主要过敏原,腹腔注射6 周龄BALB/c雌、雄小鼠,从第14天开始给治疗组小鼠口服灌胃长双歧杆菌婴儿亚种（Bifidobacterium longum subsp.）1.2202或芽孢乳酸菌09.712（Bacillus coagulans 09.712）,连续灌胃20 d。根据小鼠腹泻情况、过敏症状评分、血清中组胺（histamine,HIS）质量浓度、TM特异性免疫球蛋白（immunoglobulin,Ig）E水平变化构建TM致敏及益生菌治疗小鼠模型;通过氯乙酸萘酚酯酶染色、高碘酸希夫试剂特殊染色法检测各组小鼠肠道部位的肥大细胞和杯状细胞,通过免疫组化法检测各组小鼠肠道部位的CD4＋ T细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞;探究肠黏膜免疫在TM致敏及益生菌缓解TM致敏作用中的机理。结果表明：雌性小鼠更适用于构建TM致敏模型;益生菌灌胃可以通过降低血清中HIS质量浓度和IgE水平缓解肠黏膜免疫反应,减轻TM过敏症状。本研究从肠黏膜免疫反应角度探究了其在TM致敏中的作用,为食物过敏的研究提供参考。     

二阶导数恒能量同步荧光法快速测定海产品中的苯并(a)芘

海产品中的多环芳烃主要来自于水体污染,而苯并(a)芘是公认的多环芳烃指标,本文针对海产品中的苯并(a)芘含量的检测,建立了简单快速的海产品中的苯并(a)芘含量的二阶导数恒能量同步荧光检测法。海产品样品经过微波辅助皂化萃取后,正己烷萃取液被旋蒸干,后再溶解于二氯甲烷溶液中,以二阶导数恒能量同步荧光光谱法检测,设定恒能量差为1400 cm-1,扫描范围为300~500 nm,对其中的苯并(a)芘进行快速检测,根据海产品样品的谱图特性,用负峰-基线法读荧光强度值,连续标准加入法进行定量分析,整个光谱扫描所需时间只需1 min。对实际样品检测回收率在80.5%~118.2%之间,检测限为0.10μg/kg,定量限为0.34μg/kg,线性范围为0.34~250μg/kg。对海产品样品的荧光检测结果与HPLC-FL检测结果基本一致,对有证多环芳烃标准物质的检测结果与参考值一致。     

直接利用净化海水生产酱油

通过净化海水并作为酿造酱油用水的整个生产研究,结果表明米曲霉能够在三角瓶、通风制曲等生产过程中正常生长,其外观、孢子数、发芽率和自来水酿造的无明显差别,培养过程减少细菌总数44.8%、发酵过程减少28.1%;海水酱油的各项指标均符合GB18186-2000《酿造酱油》标准要求,而且感官指标更佳;说明利用净化后的海水代替自来水进行酱油生产是可行的,并直接节约生产成本每吨70元,出品率提高3%左右,具有显著经济效益.     

Production of okara and soy protein concentrates using membrane technology

Microfiltration (MF) membranes with pore sizes of 200 and 450 nm and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with molecular weight cut off of 50, 100, and 500 kDa were assessed for their ability to eliminate nonprotein substances from okara protein extract in a laboratory cross-flow membrane system. Both MF and UF improved the protein content of okara extract to a similar extent from approximately 68% to approximately 81% owing to the presence of protein in the feed leading to the formation of dynamic layer controlling the performance rather than the actual pore size of membranes. Although normalized flux in MF-450 (117 LMH/MPa) was close to UF-500 (118 LMH/MPa), the latter was selected based on higher average flux (47 LMH) offering the advantage of reduced processing time. Membrane processing of soy extract improved the protein content from 62% to 85% much closer to the target value. However, the final protein content in okara (approximately 80%) did not reach the target value (90%) owing to the greater presence of soluble fibers that were retained by the membrane. Solubility curve of membrane okara protein concentrate (MOPC) showed lower solubility than soy protein concentrate and a commercial isolate in the entire pH range. However, water absorption and fat-binding capacities of MOPC were either superior or comparable while emulsifying properties were in accordance with its solubility. The results of this study showed that okara protein concentrate (80%) could be produced using membrane technology without loss of any true proteins, thus offering value addition to okara, hitherto underutilized. Practical Application: Okara, a byproduct obtained during processing soybean for soymilk, is either underutilized or unutilized in spite of the fact that its protein quality is as good as that of soy milk and tofu. Membrane-processed protein products have been shown to possess superior functional properties compared to conventionally produced protein products. However, the potential of membrane technology has not been exploited for the recovery of okara protein. Our study showed that protein content of okara extract could be improved from approximately 68% to approximately 81% without losing any true proteins in the process.     

κ-卡拉胶影响大豆分离蛋白乳浊液稳定性的研究

研究了卡拉胶对大豆分离蛋白乳浊液粒度分布、乳析率和离心沉淀率的影响,在此基础上分析了静置过程中乳浊液粒径与乳析率、离心沉淀率之间相关性,结果表明:乳浊液粒径随卡拉胶浓度由小到大依次为0.03%<空白样<0.06%<0.09%;而体系的表观粘度随卡拉胶浓度的增大而升高;静置过程中乳浊液顶部粒径d3,2与乳析率有较好的相关性;乳浊液底部d3,2与离心沉淀率有很好的相关性。进一步分析了其可能的作用机理:卡拉胶低浓度时,卡拉胶分子被吸附到液滴的蛋白质正电荷区域,增加了液滴间的静电排斥,从而增加了体系的絮凝稳定性;随着卡拉胶浓度增大,卡拉胶会引起体系排斥絮凝。     

Desalination of fish sauce by electrodialysis: effect on selected aroma compounds and amino acid compositions

Fish sauce is an ingredient that exhibits unique flavor and is widely used by people in Southeast Asia. Fish sauce, however, contains a significant amount of salt (sodium chloride). Recently, electrodialysis (ED) has been successfully applied to reduce salt in fish sauce; however, no information is available on the effect of ED on changes in compounds providing aroma and taste of ED-treated fish sauce. The selected aroma compounds, amino acids, and sensory quality of the ED-treated fish sauce with various salt concentrations were then analyzed. The amounts of trimethylamine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, phenols, and all carboxylic acids except for hexanoic acid significantly decreased, whereas benzaldehyde increased significantly when the salt removal level was higher. The amounts of all amino acids decreased with the increased salt removal level. Significant difference in flavor and saltiness intensity among ED-treated fish sauce with various salt concentrations, as assessed by a discriminative test, were observed. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Information obtained in this work can serve as a guideline for optimization of a process to produce low-sodium fish sauce by ED. It also forms a basis for further in-depth sensory analysis of low-sodium fish sauce.     

酱油制曲过程中蛋白质的降解规律研究

研究了酱油制曲过程中总氮含量、氮溶指数、氨基酸转化率、挥发性盐基氮含量及可溶性多肽分子量分布的变化规律;结果表明:豆粕曲和大豆曲的总氮含量、氮溶指数、氨基酸转化率均随培养时间的延长呈上升趋势,培养48h后,豆粕曲和大豆曲的总氮含量分别提高了15.89%和12.43%,豆粕曲和大豆曲的氮溶指数分别达到26.37%和34.45%;氨基酸转化率分别达到12.11%和16.00%,大曲的氨基酸转化率与氮溶指数呈明显正相关。不同培养时段的豆粕曲和大豆曲的肽分子量均以1000～5000u为主,制曲结束后,分别占肽总量的63.55%和67.62%。     

高压复合pH偏移预处理对大豆蛋白糖基化复合物结构及乳化性质影响

本研究运用超高压处理、碱性pH偏移处理对大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate, SPI）进行单独和复合处理后,将其与麦芽糊精进行糖基化反应,并测定不同预处理条件对复合物结构及乳化性质影响。结果表明,与单一超高压处理或pH偏移处理相比,高压协同碱性pH偏移处理对糖基化反应的促进效果更明显。复合处理使糖基化复合物的接枝度与褐变程度增大,二级结构由有序向无序的转变程度增大,蛋白质内部疏水基团暴露量增多,蛋白分子三级结构趋于松散。其中400 MPa高压处理协同碱性pH偏移处理对糖基化改性的促进效果最为显著,所得糖基化样品的乳化活性（31.38 m2/g）和乳化稳定性值（36.88 min）最大,分别为对照组的1.89倍和1.60倍。     

酸性豆乳饮料稳定性的研究

本文叙述一种酸性豆乳饮料的制作方法，由于该饮料不确定而引起脂肪上浮和蛋白质沉淀，使产品外观和口感欠佳，针对此问题，对不同ＨＬＢ值的混合乳化剂和稳定剂的效果进行实验，结果表明：当混合乳化剂量为０．１％（其中单甘酯和蔗糖酯１：１）ＣＭＣ和ＰＧＡ各为０．２％时，大大增加饮料的稳定效果，达到预期目的。