Working memory capacity and the top-down control of visual search: Exploring the boundaries of "executive attention".

The executive attention theory of working memory capacity (WMC) proposes that measures of WMC broadly predict higher order cognitive abilities because they tap important and general attention capabilities (R. W. Engle & M. J. Kane, 2004). Previous research demonstrated WMC-related differences in attention tasks that required restraint of habitual responses or constraint of conscious focus. To further specify the executive attention construct, the present experiments sought boundary conditions of the WMC-attention relation. Three experiments correlated individual differences in WMC, as measured by complex span tasks, and executive control of visual search. In feature-absence search, conjunction search, and spatial configuration search, WMC was unrelated to search slopes, although they were large and reliably measured. Even in a search task designed to require the volitional movement of attention (J. M. Wolfe, G. A. Alvarez, & T. S. Horowitz, 2000), WMC was irrelevant to performance. Thus, WMC is not associated with all demanding or controlled attention processes, which poses problems for some general theories of WMC. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

一种实时Java处理器''''区域''''内存实现模型

Java实时规范（RTSJ）提出的‘区域’内存（Scoped Memory）既避免了垃圾回收对系统实时性的影响，又能充分利用内存空间，引起了众多研究人员的重视．本文讨论了‘区域’内存的实现及影响最坏情况下执行时间（WCET）的因素，并提出一种针对嵌入式实时Java处理器的‘区域’内存实现模型．该模型中非实时处理在字节码被执行之前完成，消除了运行时管理‘区域’内存对WCET的影响，在简化处理器实现的同时保证了运行时WCET的可预测性．     

基于语义激活的智能图形处理系统

全面分析了目前知识处理系统所存在的弊病,提出了下一代语义激活系统,探讨了新一代知识系统所应提供的服务;并将之运用于图形处理系统,阐明了图形数据从统一表示到有效存储、建模、再现和检索等一系列智能处理过程;进而提出了图形信息的语义表示和智能推理模型.     

钢包用滑板的热应力有限元分析

连铸钢包使用的滑动激光器是控制连铸生产过程的关键设备之一。为了确定501滑板使用中产生裂纹的原因，抑制裂纹形成，提高滑板使用寿命，本文应用有限元法进行了滑板热应力分析，并与生产中使用的滑板比较，有限元分析显示：在滑板材质一定的情况下，滑板形状以及滑板的预紧能力和固定方式是影响滑板使用寿命的基本因素。     

Sex, Age, and Training Modulate Spatial Memory in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta).

The authors tested 90 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on a task of spatial memory, the spatial Delayed Recognition Span Test. The results showed that performance declined significantly with age, males had greater scores than females, and the rate of apparent decline with age was greater in males than in females. Both working and reference memory declined with age, but only working memory showed sex differences. The authors compared these data with that of 22 monkeys who were trained on a simpler version of the task before formal testing. Training had no effect on males but dramatically improved working memory in young females. The results confirm a male advantage in spatial working memory at a young age and confirm a greater decline with age in males than in females. It is important to note that prior training completely reverses the deficits of young females. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Associative Learning Improves Visual Working Memory Performance.

The ability to remember visual stimuli over a short delay period is limited by the small capacity of visual working memory (VWM). Here the authors investigate the role of learning in enhancing VWM. Participants saw 2 spatial arrays separated by a 1-s interval. The 2 arrays were identical except for 1 location. Participants had to detect the difference. Unknown to the participants, some spatial arrays would repeat once every dozen trials or so for up to 32 repetitions. Spatial VWM performance increased significantly when the same location changed across display repetitions, but not at all when different locations changed from one display repetition to another. The authors suggest that a major role of learning in VWM is to mediate which information gets retained, rather than to directly increase VWM capacity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Theoretical Correlations and Measured Correlations: Relating Recognition and Recall in Four Distributed Memory Models.

This article addresses the relation between item recognition and associative (cued) recall. Going beyond measures of performance on each task, the analysis focuses on the degree to which the contingency between successful recognition and successful recall of a studied item reflects the commonality of memory processes underlying the recognition and recall tasks. Specifically, 4 classes of distributed memory models are assessed for their ability to account for the relatively invariant correlation (≈ .5) between successive recognition and recall. Basic versions of each model either under- or overpredict the intertask correlation. Introducing variability in goodness-of-encoding and response criteria, as well as output encoding, enabled all 4 models to reproduce the moderate intertask correlation and the increase in correlation observed in 2 mixed-list experiments. This model-based analysis provides a general theoretical framework for interpreting contingencies between successive memory tests. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

论包装与品牌定位

在现代商业社会,包装的价值已经从一个单纯保护商品的功能转化为提升和凸现品牌定位的更高层面上来了.如何有效、科学地利用一个产品的包装色彩、包装造型、包装材料以及包装上面的产品名称、图案、符号、文字等可视元素,成为促进与强化一个品牌定位在客户心目中塑造的重要的营销手段.