钙钛矿太阳能电池空穴传输材料的研究进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池具有工艺简单、可弯曲、应用前景广阔等优点。从2009年出现起,至今其效率从3.8%提高到了22%以上,引起了研究者的广泛关注。介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的基本结构和工作原理,概述了钙钛矿太阳能电池空穴传输材料的研究进展,着重介绍了无机空穴传输材料的研究进展。最后展望了钙钛矿太阳能电池未来的发展与商业化应用。     

石墨烯基二维垂直异质结的制备及光电子器件

石墨烯和类石墨烯二维半导体材料因其独特的物理化学性质受到研究人员的广泛关注,将二者结合组成的石墨烯基二维垂直异质结近年来备受研究者的青睐.本文简要介绍了石墨烯基二维垂直异质结的基本概念和性质,综述了石墨烯基二维垂直异质结制备技术的最新进展情况,对比分析了不同制备方法各自的优缺点,总结了石墨烯基二维垂直异质结在光电子学器件应用的最新进展.最后对石墨烯基二维垂直异质结的研究和发展方向做了展望.     

Optimization Techniques for Improving the Performance of Silicone‐Based Dielectric Elastomers

Dielectric elastomers are possible candidates for realizing products that are in high demand by society, such as soft robotics and prosthetics, tactile displays, and smart wearables. Diverse and advanced products based on dielectric elastomers are available; however, no elastomer has proven ideal for all types of products. Silicone elastomers, though, are the most promising type of elastomer when viewed from a reliability perspective, since in normal conditions they do not undergo any chemical degradation or mechanical ageing/relaxation. Within this review, different pathways for improving the electro‐mechanical performance of dielectric elastomers are highlighted. Various optimization methods for improved energy transduction are investigated and discussed, with special emphasis placed on the promise each method holds. The compositing and blending of elastomers are shown to be simple, versatile methods that can solve a number of optimization issues. More complicated methods, involving chemical modification of the silicone backbone as well as controlling the network structure for improved mechanical properties, are shown to solve yet more issues. From the analysis, it is obvious that there is not a single optimization technique that will lead to the universal optimization of dielectric elastomer films, though each method may lead to elastomers with certain features, and thus certain potentials.

     

Stress Reduction of 3D Printed Compliance‐Tailored Multilayers

Multilayered multi‐material interfaces are encountered in an array of fields. Here, enhanced mechanical performance of such multi‐material interfaces is demonstrated, focusing on strength and stiffness, by employing bondlayers with spatially‐tuned elastic properties realized via 3D printing. Compliance of the bondlayer is varied along the bondlength with increased compliance at the ends to relieve stress concentrations. Experimental testing to failure of a tri‐layered assembly in a single‐lap joint configuration, including optical strain mapping, reveals that the stress and strain redistribution of the compliance‐tailored bondlayer increases strength by 100% and toughness by 60%, compared to a constant modulus bondlayer, while maintaining the stiffness of the joint with the homogeneous stiff bondlayer. Analyses show that the stress concentrations for both peel and shear stress in the bondlayer have a global minimum when the compliant bond at the lap end comprises ≈10% of the bondlength, and further that increased multilayer performance also holds for long (relative to critical shear transfer length) bondlengths. Damage and failure resistance of multi‐material interfaces can be improved substantially via the compliance‐tailoring demonstrated here, with immediate relevance in additive manufacturing joining applications, and shows promise for generalized joining applications including adhesive bonding.     

Nanoporous Superalloy Membranes: A Review

The ability to produce metallic membrane materials with porosity on the nanoscale from Ni‐based superalloys, hitherto used exclusively for high temperature applications, has been discovered 15 years ago. The basic principle is to first convert the initial γ/γ′ microstructure, containing isolated γ′‐precipitates, into a bi‐continuous network where both phases are in themselves continuous and interpenetrate each other. Then, one of the two phases is selectively removed, so that a rigid structure consisting of the remaining phase with pores on the location of the removed phase results. This article reviews the progress made so far. In that time period, a number of ways to fabricate these unique materials have emerged, utilizing 1) single crystals and polycrystals as precursor materials as well as 2) coarsening of coherent and incoherent γ′‐precipitates to realize bi‐continuity of the microstructure. Consequently, a family of superalloy membranes has emerged with specific microstructures, properties, advantages, and limitations. It is the intention of this article to give an overview on these various manufacturing routes, as well as on resulting microstructures and properties. Finally, possible fields of applications are outlined. It is demonstrated that the particular manufacturing process from a solid to the porous material leads to certain advantages, such as the ability to structure the material in porous and solid areas as required by the application.

     

High‐rise concrete and clay block masonry building in Brazil

Brazilian structural concrete and clay block masonry construction shares many common features with construction all over the world: blocks of a similar shape are bedded in mortar, vertical and horizontal reinforcement is placed in grouted cells, engineering analysis and design follows universal principles and local design codes mimic those adopted elsewhere. However, loadbearing masonry construction in Brazil has become one of the most preferred high‐rise building systems due to its cost‐effectiveness and ease of construction compared to normal reinforced concrete solutions. This paper provides an overview of loadbearing masonry building in Brazil, including case studies on notable high‐rise masonry structures, with an overview of how Brazilian materials, codes and practices differ from the rest of the world. Finally, the paper explains how the use of high‐strength units assists the growing demand for taller and taller buildings and provides insight into why owners and general contractors often prefer to use structural masonry.     

Polyethylene Glycol–CaCl2 Coordination Compounds as a Novel Form‐Stable Phase Change Material with Excellent Thermophysical Properties

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) have been extensively studied as phase change materials (PCMs). To overcome the problem of liquid leakage, the authors firstly report a novel form‐stable phase change material (FSPCM) using coordination compound. The structure, morphology, thermal property, and thermal stability of the self‐prepared samples are determined. The obtained results confirm the existence of coordination bonds between PEG and Ca²⁺ species, and no liquid leakage is observed for the synthesized PEG–CaCl₂ composites at temperatures as high as 120 °C. The PEG8000–CaCl₂ (1:2) FSPCM exhibits a relatively large latent heat of 147.7 J g^?1, corresponding to 87.8% of that of pure PEG. From the dynamical viewpoint, the activation energy of crystallization process is increased by only 5.2% for the PEG8000–CaCl₂ composite due to the formation of coordination bonds; however, the activation energy is reduced by 18.3% during melting process. After adding 3 wt% conductive carbon black, the heat storage performance of the PEG phase change material can be optimized. The PEG‐CaCl₂ composite would be a promising material for thermal energy storage applications and can be used in various engineering fields.

     

Reactive Structural Materials: Preparation and Characterization

Reactive structural materials, which can serve both as structural elements as well as a source of chemical energy released upon initiation have emerged as an important class of metal‐based composites for use in various energetic systems. Such materials rely on a variety of exothermic reactions, from oxidation to formation of metal‐metalloid and intermetallic phases. The rates of these reactions are as important as the energy that may be released, in order for them to occur at the time scales compatible with the requirements of applications. Therefore, chemical composition, scale at which reactive components are mixed, and the structure and morphology of materials are important and can be controlled by the method of preparation and compaction of the composite materials. Methods of preparation of the composite structures are briefly reviewed as well as methods of characterization of their mechanical and energetic properties. In addition to common thermo‐analytical and static mechanical property measurements, dynamic tests of mechanical properties as well as ignition and combustion experiments are necessary to understand the fragmentation, initiation, and heat release expected for these materials when they are stimulated by an impact, shock, or rapid heating. Reaction mechanisms are studied presently for the thin layers and small samples of reactive materials initiated in carefully designed experiments. In other experiments, impact and explosive initiation are characterized for larger material compacts in the conditions imitating practical scenarios. Examples of results describing thermal, impact, and explosive initiation of some of the reactive materials are presented.

     

Chemical modification of group IV graphene analogs

Mono-elemental two-dimensional (2D) crystals (graphene, silicene, germanene, stanene, and so on), termed 2D-Xenes, have been brought to the forefront of scientific research. The stability and electronic properties of 2D-Xenes are main challenges in developing practical devices. Therefore, in this review, we focus on 2D free-standing group-IV graphene analogs (graphene quantum dots, silicane, and germanane) and the functionalization of these sheets with organic moieties, which could be handled under ambient conditions. We highlight the present results and future opportunities, functions and applications, and novel device concepts.     

Research Advances in Microfiber Humidity Sensors

An overview of the numerous latest research in microfiber humidity sensors is carried out with a specific focus on measurement methods, humidity sensitive materials, probe structures, and sensing properties of different sensors. First, five mainstream measurement structures, including taper, fiber grating, coupler, resonator, and interferometer are reviewed. It is concluded that these measurement structures sense the physicochemical property variations of microfibers or sensitive films and exhibit the change of optical signal when exposed to environment. Second, the basic preparation methods, humidity‐sensing properties, and their advantages and disadvantages as humidity sensitive material are addressed. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of all the above sensing structures are also discussed and compared. Finally, the main existing problems and potential solutions of microfiber humidity sensors are pointed out.