Potency of Different Carbon Sources in Reduction of Microsilica to Synthesize SiC from Mechanically Activated Powder Mixtures

In the present study, the influences of three different types of carbon (carbon black, graphite, and petroleum coke) on SiC synthesis via mechanical activation and sintering were evaluated. In this regard, the phase components, morphology, and the formation mechanism were investigated. SiC nanoparticles were detected to be formed after 4 h of milling and sintering at 1450°C, regardless of the sources of carbon. The carbon types exert their effects on the morphology of the as‐synthesized particles, where carbon black leads to form rod‐like SiC particles and the other two carbon types result in semi‐spherical SiC particles. This is due to the dominant mechanism in the mentioned process. The rod‐like particles obtained from the carbon black‐containing powder were synthesized via the VSL mechanism, whereas the solid‐state reactions occurred to form the SiC particles in the graphite‐ or petroleum coke‐containing samples. In the VSL mechanism, any increase in the milling time leads to facilitate the SiC formation due to entrance of Fe debris, whereas in the other samples (graphite or petroleum coke) the procedure is reversed.     

Blends of natural rubber and polyurethane latices studied by 1H wideline and 13C MAS solid‐state NMR

¹H wideline and ¹³C magic‐angle spinning NMR have been used to study the morphology and dynamics of latex‐cast and solution‐cast film blends of natural rubber (NR) and a polyurethane (PU) based on poly(?‐caprolactone) diol and isophorone di‐isocyanate. ¹H T₁ and T_1ρ relaxation times have been measured, and the extent of interpenetration of the NR and PU constituents has been monitored using the Goldman–Shen technique. The NMR spectra and relaxation properties indicated that the NR and PI constituents largely occupy separated domains on a distance scale of >10 nm. The Goldman–Shen experiments indicated that there was slightly greater contact between NR and PU in the solution‐cast samples than in the latex‐cast. The tensile properties of the films have been measured. The tensile strength and initial Young's modulus pass through a maximum at a PU content of about 50 wt%. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

细乳液聚合法制备高固含量聚丙烯酸酯乳液及性能

以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为乳化剂,正丁醇为助稳定剂,通过细乳液聚合法制备了固含量高达60%的聚丙烯酸酯乳液。考察了SDS用量对乳液凝胶率、转化率、旋转黏度的影响,进一步考察了理论固含量对乳液旋转黏度、粒径大小及其分布的影响。结果表明:随着SDS用量的增加,固含量为60%时,乳液凝胶率先降低后增加,转化率变化较小,旋转黏度增加;随着理论固含量的增加,乳液旋转黏度明显增加,粒径大小及其分布明显增大;透射电镜(TEM)结果与动态光散射(DLS)测试结果一致,高固含量乳液呈现出较宽的粒径分布。将该乳液应用于皮革涂饰工艺中,涂饰后革样力学性能与市售同类皮革涂饰剂相当,耐湿擦、透气性能都有所提高。     

高聚物黏结炸药的力学性能研究进展

从材料的力学行为特性、实验方法、本构模型和强度理论4个方面对高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)的力学性能特征进行了归纳和评述。指出应变率和温度对材料应力状况的影响及动态力学性能分析是目前PBX研究的热点和难点。认为可以借鉴研究混凝土和高聚物的一些方法来建立PBX的本构模型和失效准则。指出选择和改进现有测试技术时,须考虑PBX的含能敏感性、大变形等特性。对PBX力学性能的理论研究、实验技术及数值模拟等方面需要开展的工作提出了一些看法。认为复杂环境下的力学响应和细观建模模拟应是今后研究的重点方向。附参考文献93篇。     

含多重结构包覆载体技术的研究进展

概述了多重结构乳状液的结构类型、制备方法及其在药品、化妆品等领域的应用,综述了含多重结构的包覆载体,包括了脂质体、微胶囊和固体脂质纳米粒及其制备方法与研究现状,阐述了含多重结构的包覆载体的特性。     

影响固体磷酸催化FCC汽油烷基化脱硫稳定性的因素

实验基于固体磷酸催化流化催化裂化(FCC)汽油烷基化脱硫的较高活性,采用催速失活的方法快速考察催化剂的稳定性,通过对比失活前后催化剂的X射线衍射(XRD)和氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)表征结果,揭示影响催化剂稳定性的因素.实验结果表明,经多次催速失活反应后,固体磷酸的稳定性变差,主要原因是在催速失活反应过程中,副反应烯烃聚合和芳烃烷基化生成的高沸点大分子有机物黏附包裹在催化剂表面上,降低其表面酸量和酸强度,使活性组分无法与反应物接触并发挥催化作用,导致催化剂活性降低.失活后的催化剂经500℃焙烧处理4 h即可再生.     

固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/SnO_2-SiO_2催化制备生物柴油的研究

以固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/SnO_2-SiO_2为催化剂催化大豆油和甲醇的酯交换反应制备生物柴油,考察了催化剂的制备条件和反应的最佳条件.结果表明,当催化剂的Sn/Si摩尔比达1/3以上.浸渍硫酸溶液的浓度为1.0～1.5 mol/L,450℃焙烧5 h,该催化剂对酯交换反应有很高的催化活性.在醇油摩尔比为13:1、每摩尔油使用1.0 g催化剂、120℃反应3 h,脂肪酸甲酯的收率达90%以上.催化剂具有L酸中心和B酸中心,具有超强酸性.反应体系的水抑制催化剂的活性,但催化剂的活性不受体系中游离脂肪酸的影响,这意味着催化剂能高效催化那些未精炼原油和那些不可食用的油料,使酯化和酯交换一步完成.     

固体超强酸Ni/SO_4~(2-)-SnO_2催化α-蒎烯水合反应的研究

引入镍离子制备出新型固体超强酸Ni/SO42--SnO2,以该固体酸催化α-蒎烯水合反应制备α-松油醇,考察影响水合反应的因素,得到水合反应最适宜的条件为:n(α-蒎烯)∶n(一氯乙酸)∶n(H2O)=1∶1∶2,反应温度70°C,反应时间10h,催化剂用量为α-蒎烯质量的6%。在该反应条件下,α-蒎烯转化率为100%,α-松油醇选择性为73.3%;与未添加Ni的固体超强酸SO24-/SnO2相比表明,Ni的引入能明显提高催化剂在水合反应中的活性和选择性。     

Structure and electrical properties of Nd2O3-doped 0.82Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.18Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 ceramics

Nd₂O₃ doped 0.82Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃–0.18Bi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃ (abbreviated to BNKT) binary lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by the conventional mixed-oxide method. The results show that the BNKT ceramics with 0–0.15 wt.% Nd₂O₃ doping possesses a single perovskite phase with rhombohedral structure. The grain size of BNKT decreased with the addition of Nd₂O₃ dopant. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant ?_r revealed that there were two-phase transitions from ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric and anti-ferroelectric to paraelectric. A diffuse character was proved by linear fitting of the modified Curie–Weiss law. At room temperature, the specimens containing 0.0125 wt.% Nd₂O₃ with homogeneous microstructure presented excellent electrical properties: the piezoelectric constant d₃₃ = 134 pC/N, the electromechanical coupling factor K_p = 0.27, and the dielectric constant ?_r = 925 (1 kHz).     

高渐增性发射药研究进展

列举出发射药燃烧渐增性判断的方法,阐述了燃速渐增性发射药、燃面渐增性发射药、变燃速发射药技术的实现方式。对这3种方式进行对比分析,表明变燃速发射药在燃烧渐增性实现上有较大的优势。