Influence of surface recrystallization on the low cycle fatigue behaviour of a single crystal superalloy

This paper investigated the effect of surface recrystallization (RX) on the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behaviour of a single crystal (SX) superalloy. LCF tests on both raw and recrystallized samples showed that fatigue life was significantly reduced by surface RX. Fractography indicated that fatigue cracks initiated from the casting defects in RX layer and multiple crack initiations were commonly observed. Moreover, RX grains exhibited predominantly transgranular cracking, in contrast to the intergranular fracture reported in literature. The fatigue crack propagation behaviour was discussed in light of fracture mechanics and crack growth life model. The fatigue cycles required to penetrate RX layer were estimated to be about one magnitude lower than that in forming an equivalent crack in SX specimens. It is suggested that the earlier crack initiation and promoted crack propagation in RX layer, as well as the trend of multiple initiations, are responsible for the fatigue degradation by RX.     

Automated simulation of fatigue crack propagation for two-dimensional linear elastic fracture mechanics problems by boundary element method

In this paper, automated simulation of multiple crack fatigue propagation for two-dimensional (2D) linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) problems is developed by using boundary element method (BEM). The boundary element method is the displacement discontinuity method with crack-tip elements proposed by the author. Because of an intrinsic feature of the boundary element method, a general growth problem of multiple cracks can be solved in a single-region formulation. In the numerical simulation, for each increment of crack extension, remeshing of existing boundaries is not necessary. Local discretization on the incremental crack extension is performed easily. Further the new adding elements and the existing elements on the existing boundaries are employed to construct easily the total structural mesh representation. Here, the mixed-mode stress intensity factors are calculated by using the formulas based on the displacement fields around crack tip. The maximum circumferential stress theory is used to predict crack stability and direction of propagation at each step. The well-known Paris’ equation is extended to multiple crack case under mixed-mode loadings. Also, the user does not need to provide a desired crack length increment at the beginning of each simulation. The numerical examples are included to illustrate the validation of the numerical approach for fatigue growth simulation of multiple cracks for 2D LEFM problems.     

热流传播速度的数学分析

考虑满足Cattaneo-Vernotte定律的热传导,其热流传播速度是有限的,其温度分布函数满足一个双曲型方程。如果热传导满足Fourier实验定律,则热流传播速度是无穷大,这时温度分布函数满足热传导方程。本文在一维情形下证明当热流速度从有限趋于无限时,其对应的温度分布函数的一致收敛性,以及在多维情形下的L^2强收敛性。     

Coupled hygro-thermo-viscoelastic fracture theory

A coupled hygro-thermo-viscoelastic fracture theory is developed for quasi-static and dynamic crack propagation in viscoelastic materials subject to combined mechanical loading and hygrothermal environmental exposure based on fundamental principles of thermodynamics. The Helmholtz free energy is taken to be a functional of the histories of strain, temperature and fluid concentration with the crack parameter being introduced as an internal state variable. A thermodynamically consistent time-dependent fracture criterion for crack propagation in the presence of thermally and mechanically assisted fluid transport is obtained from the global energy balance equation and the requirement of non-negativity of the global energy dissipation rate, which is generally applicable to both quasi-static and dynamic loading and both isothermal/isohumidity and non-isothermal/non-isohumidity conditions with classic fracture criteria as special cases. On the basis of the developed theory, the generalized energy release rate method, the generalized contour integral method and the extended essential work of fracture method are proposed for fracture characterization of load-carrying viscoelastic materials in hygrothermal environments, and the interrelation of these methods and their correlation with conventional methods and existing models, simulations and experiments are discussed.     

高阶色散和高阶非线性效应对准光孤子传输的影响

为了研究高阶色散和高阶非线性效应对其在普通光纤上传输的影响,用数值模拟的方法研究了三阶色散、自陡效应和脉冲内拉曼散射效应对准光孤子传输的影响.结果表明准光孤子在实际的普通光纤中传输时,三阶色散、自陡效应和脉冲内拉曼散射效应中,冲内拉曼效应对其传输产生的影响比较大,致使准光孤子在普通光纤上传输时脉冲不断展宽,脉冲峰值功率降低,不能长距离保持脉冲形状不变.     

光电晶体中光折变空间孤子传输的数值模拟

给出了描述光折变光电晶体中空间孤子的非线性薛定鄂方程,利用分步傅里叶变换法研究了光电晶体的光折变空间孤子的传输特性.数值模拟结果表明:在忽略光电晶体的克尔效应时,晶体中传输的光束失去了空间孤子的传输特性;在考虑晶体的克尔效应可以与外调制光强度相比拟时,随着外加光强的增加,空间孤子的形状可能发生变形,甚至失去其传输的稳定性;在考虑晶体克尔效应非常强时,空间孤子可以在光电晶体中稳定地、不变形的传输,具有理想信息载体的传输特性.     

色散管理孤子色散周期长度的开关特性

在色散管理光孤子系统中建立起一种周期扰动模型,研究了扰动对孤子传输的影响.运用快速傅里叶变换方法通过数值模拟发现,在脉冲传输距离与扰动周期长度的关系中不仅存在着多极值结构,而且存在着开关特性,利用这一特性可以有效地控制孤子的传输.     

The preferred fatigue crack propagation mode in a M250 maraging steel loaded in shear

Macroscopic torsional fatigue cracks are shown to propagate in shear, in plain tubular specimens, in the M250 maraging steel, for stress ranges from 90% down to 40% of the yield stress. This cannot be explained in terms of microcrack coalescence for the smallest stress range, for which microcracks are scarce. The kinetics and mechanisms of mode II fatigue crack growth are thus investigated, using precracked CTS or tubular specimens. For a high Δ K _II , slowly decelerating mode II propagation takes place for a distance that increases with Δ K _II before branching occurs. Friction stresses along the crack flanks shield the applied load and explain this deceleration. An inverse analytical procedure is used to derive the effective stress intensity factor, allowance being made for friction effects, from displacement profiles measured from microgrids using a scanning electron microscope. The measured crack growth rates correlate much better with the effective stress intensity factor than with the nominal Δ K _II value. The crack paths observed in torsion are discussed in terms of maximum crack velocity.     

考虑不确定性的多学科设计优化方法研究综述

目的研究多学科不确定性设计优化中多学科设计优化方法、不确定性建模与传递、不确定性设计优化的相关理论。方法通过研究并分析国内外相关文献,总结归纳考虑不确定性的多学科设计优化中的耦合系统解耦方法、参数和代理模型不确定性的建模方法,以及高效的不确定性传递和设计优化方法。结论系统探讨了在面对复杂多变的外界环境时,多学科设计优化对不确定性量化与传递的需求,提出多学科设计优化不仅要考虑确定性的系统,而且需要考虑由于外界环境变化导致的系统响应的不确定性。针对现有的多学科不确定性设计优化方法的理论研究,提出提高计算效率的关键在于将传统的三层嵌套循环计算框架解耦成单层循环。研究结果表明,考虑不确定性的多学科设计优化将成为复杂多学科系统设计的有力支撑,能显著提高系统的可靠性和稳健性,提高使用寿命,同时能够加快产品的更新换代设计。     

Study of mode I crack dynamic propagation behaviour and rock dynamic fracture toughness by using SCT specimens

To study crack dynamic propagation behaviour and rock dynamic fracture toughness, a single cleavage triangle (SCT) specimen was proposed in this paper. By using these specimens and a drop‐weight test system, impact experiments were conducted, and the crack propagation velocity and the fracture time were measured by using crack propagation gauges. To examine the effectiveness of the SCT specimen and to predict the test results, finite difference numerical models were established by using AUTODYN code, and the simulation results showed that the crack propagation path agrees with the test results, and crack arrest phenomena could happen. Meanwhile, by using these numerical models, the crack dynamic propagation mechanism was investigated. Finite element code ABAQUS was applied in the calculation of crack dynamic stress intensity factors (SIFs) based on specimen dimension and the loading curves measured, and the curves of crack dynamic SIFs versus time were obtained. The fracture toughness (including initiation toughness and propagation toughness) was determined according to the fracture time and crack speeds measured by crack propagation gauges. The results show that the SCT specimen is applicable to the study of crack dynamic propagation behaviour and fracture toughness, and in the process of crack propagation, the propagation toughness decreases with crack propagation velocity, and the crack arrest phenomena could happen. The critical SIF of an arrest crack (or arrest toughness) was higher than the crack propagation toughness but was lower than the initiation toughness.