铋掺杂对铌酸钾钠无铅压电陶瓷结构和性能的影响

用常压烧结法制备铋掺杂铌酸钾钠无铅压电陶瓷(K0.5Na0.5)1-3xBixNbO3(KNBN)。研究不同铋掺杂量对KNN陶瓷结构、形貌、致密度及电学性能的影响。结果表明:在1 120℃烧结的含铋量为1%(摩尔分数)的陶瓷表现出最好的铁电和压电性能及较好的介电性能,即压电常数最大121pC/N,P-E回线形状达到饱和,且剩余极化为12.67μC/cm2,矫顽场Ec为13.58kV/cm,介电常数为575,损耗为5.82%(频率为1kHz)。陶瓷样品在131℃从正交结构转变到四方结构,Curie温度为400℃。     

Additive manufacturing of zirconia parts by indirect selective laser sintering

Thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) was used to produce spherical polypropylene–zirconia composite powder for selective laser sintering (SLS). The influence of the composition of the composite starting powder and the SLS parameters on the density and strength of the composite SLS parts was investigated, allowing realizing SLS parts with a relative density of 36%. Pressure infiltration (PI) and warm isostatic pressing (WIPing) were applied to increase the green density of the ZrO₂–PP SLSed parts. Infiltrating the SLS parts with an aqueous 30 vol.% ZrO₂ suspension allowed to increase the sintered density from 32 to 54%. WIPing (135 °C and 64 MPa) of the SLS and SLS/infiltrated complex shape green polymer–ceramic composite parts prior to debinding and sintering allowed raising the sintered density of the 3 mol Y₂O₃ stabilized ZrO₂ parts to 92 and 85%, respectively.     

Control of barium ferrite decomposition during spark plasma sintering: Towards nanostructured samples with anisotropic magnetic properties

The sintering of barium ferrite (BaM) nano-sized powders by spark plasma sintering was studied. At the surface of the samples, an iron-rich layer (magnetite) was formed due to the decomposition of BaM and segregation in the secondary phases. To prevent the formation of secondary phases different protection layers between the graphite mould and the sample were used. Their effect on the sample microstructure was studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The most suitable protection layer was a highly dense sintered disc of aluminium oxide. Using this dense protection layer, sintered discs of BaM with 82% of theoretical density and grains of 90 ± 50 nm were obtained. A magnetic anisotropy was achieved from the sintering of the BaM particles with the largest shape anisotropy.     

Additive-free superhard B4C with ultrafine-grained dense microstructures

A unique combination of high-energy ball-milling, annealing, and spark-plasma sintering has been used to process superhard B₄C ceramics with ultrafine-grained, dense microstructures from commercially available powders, without sintering additives. It was found that the ultrafine powder prepared by high-energy ball-milling is hardly at all sinterable, but that B₂O₃ removal by gentle annealing in Ar provides the desired sinterability. A parametric study was also conducted to elucidate the role of the temperature (1600–1800 °C), time (1–9 min), and heating ramp (100 or 200 °C/min) in the densification and grain growth, and thus to identify optimal spark-plasma sintering conditions (i.e., 1700 °C for 3 min with 100 °C/min) to densify completely (>98.5%) the B₄C ceramics with retention of ultrafine grains (∼370 nm). Super-high hardness of ∼38 GPa without relevant loss of toughness (∼3 MPa m^1/2) was thus achieved, attributable to the smaller grain size and to the transgranular fracture mode of the B₄C ceramics.     

空心球包覆处理制备氧化铝多孔陶瓷

采用浆料浸渍法在氧化铝空心球表面包覆高岭土和滑石粉(质量比为2∶3),利用高岭土和滑石粉引入的MgO-SiO2-Al2O3作为助烧剂,采用干压成型工艺制备氧化铝空心球多孔陶瓷,研究了高岭土和滑石粉包覆量对氧化铝空心球多孔陶瓷性能的影响。结果表明:随高岭土和滑石粉包覆量的增加,氧化铝空心球多孔陶瓷的相对密度、收缩率、抗弯强度和断裂韧性先减小后增大;当滑石粉和高岭土包覆量为11.5%(质量分数)时,氧化铝空心球多孔陶瓷的相对密度、线收缩率、抗弯强度和断裂韧性均分别达到最大值0.77、26%、177MPa和3.08MPa·m1/2。包覆后的氧化铝空心球多孔陶瓷的抗弯强度是未包覆的3倍。包覆适量高岭土和滑石粉明显改善了氧化铝空心球的界面结合强度。     

放电等离子烧结致密单相钛三铝碳二的反应机理

以3Ti/1.1Al/1.9C混合粉末为原料,采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等分析方法,研究了致密单相Ti3AlC2三元层状化合物的合成机理,详细探讨了烧结温度对产物合成的影响,提出了一种SPS制备致密单相Ti3AlC2的反应机理。结果表明:利用SPS技术,在1 350℃保温10min的条件下,可以获得致密度大于99%的层状致密单相Ti3AlC2材料。最终产物中TiC的残留与原料中C含量有密切关系,适当降低原料中C含量有利于最终产物中TiC的消除。致密单相三元层状化合物Ti3AlC2的合成过程中,AlTi3和TiAl是形成TiC和Ti2AlC的主要中间相,而Ti3AlC2是由TiC与Ti2AlC反应生成的。     

Reactive sintering process and thermoelectric properties of boron rich boron carbides

Dense boron rich boron carbides were reactive sintered by hot pressing at 2050 °C using elementary boroncarbon compositions with carbon contents of 9.1, 11.1, 13.3 and 18.8 at.%. The following material characteristics are presented: relative density, SEM images, EDX, X-ray diffraction and corresponding lattice parameters, Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power factor. Significant grain growth has been obtained with increasing boron content. A deeper understanding of the boron and carbon reaction and the overall sintering process is gained by thermal and chemical analysis in combination with X-ray diffraction. Additionally a thermal experiment with boron and carbon layers illustrates the solid state diffusion behaviour. The found results of boron carbide properties of this paper correspond with results by other authors. The aim is to correlate technological aspects of sintering procedure with material properties. This should help to improve the thermoelectric efficiency of boron carbide based materials.     

Microstructure evolution during the co-sintering of Ni/BaTiO3 multilayer ceramic capacitors modeled by discrete element simulations

Electrode discontinuities are a critical issue for manufacturing ultrathin multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). The Discrete Element Method is used to simulate, at the particle length scale, the microstructure evolution during the co-sintering of state-of-the-art nickel based-MLCCs. Electrode discontinuities are considered to originate from the heterogeneities in the initial powder packing and to grow because of the constraint imposed by adjacent dielectric layers. A parametric study demonstrates that: (i) fast heating rate leads to lower electrode discontinuity during heating, (ii) green density and thickness of the electrode should be optimized to improve the electrode connectivity, (iii) rearrangement of the nickel particles plays a significant role in electrode discontinuity, and (iv) the addition of non-sintering inclusions can improve the electrode connectivity. These findings can be generalized to other multilayer components.     

Impact of microwave sintering on dielectric properties of screen printed Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thick films

The influence of 30 GHz microwave sintering compared to conventional sintering has been investigated on polycrystalline Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃ (BST60) thick films with respect to an application as tunable dielectrics. The BST thick films were prepared as metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitors on alumina substrates. The average grain size (440 nm) and the porosity (approx. 30%) of the sintered films are only little affected by the sintering method. However, permittivity, dielectric loss and tunability have been influenced substantially. The dielectric improvement by microwave sintering is interpreted in terms of an increased crystal quality (ξ_S) and/or a decrease of defect concentrations. It is assumed that microwave sintering preferably heats up parts of the film where an increased defect density exists and therefore causes a selective heating process. This may heal up charged defects, inhomogeneities, and structural defects.     

Two step sintering of a novel calcium magnesium silicate bioceramic: Sintering parameters and mechanical characterization

Two-step sintering (TSS) was applied to control the grain growth during sintering of a novel calcium magnesium silicate (Ca₃MgSi₂O₈ – Merwinite) bioceramic. Sol–gel derived nanopowders with the mean particle size of about 90 nm were sintered under different TSS regimes to investigate the effect of sintering parameters on densification behavior and grain growth suppression. Results showed that sintering of merwinite nanopowder under optimum TSS condition (T₁ = 1300 °C, T₂ = 1250 °C) yielded fully dense bodies with finest microstructure. Merwinite compacts held at T₂ = 1250 °C for 20 h had the average grain size of 633 nm while the relative density of about 98% was achieved. Mechanical testing was performed to investigate the effect of grain growth suppression on the hardness and fracture toughness. Comparison of mechanical data for samples sintered under two sintering regimes, including TSS and normal sintering (NS), showed TSS process resulted in significant enhancement of fracture toughness from 1.77 to 2.68 MPa m^1/2.