太阳能-空气光伏/光热一体化热泵热水系统实验特性

本文研究了一种新型光伏/光热一体化(PV/T)复合热源热泵热水系统,将多孔扁盒式PV/T集热板与空气源热泵相结合,根据不同控制方式组合成双热源并联、单太阳能和单空气能三种不同运行模式。在室外环境温度28.5℃下,将200 L 30℃热水加热到55℃,研究了加热时间、热水温度、COP等性能的变化规律,结果表明双热源并联运行模式下分别比单太阳能模式和单空气能模式的加热时间缩短了42%和54%,COP分别提高了32.78%和47.64%;同时实验研究了在夏季工况下将200 L水从9∶00循环加热到17∶00过程中系统热性能,探讨了太阳辐射强度、PV/T集热板温度对光电/光热效率的影响,通过实验对比可以得出在热电模式下系统的光电效率η_(pv)比单一光电模式平均高25.8%.     

Thermal,mechanical and drug release characteristics of an acrylic film using active pharmaceutical ingredient as non-traditional plasticizer

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate thermal and mechanical properties as well as in vitro drug release of Eudragit® RL (ERL) film using chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) as either active pharmaceutical ingredient or non-traditional plasticizer. Differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure the glass transition temperature (T_g) of 0–100% w/w CPM in ERL physical mixture. Instron testing machine was used to investigate Young’s modulus, tensile stress and tensile strain (%) of ERL film containing 20–60% w/w CPM. Finally, a Franz diffusion cell was used to study drug release from ERL films obtained from four formulations, i.e. CRHP0/0, CRHP0/5, CRHP2/0 and CRHP2/5. The T_g of ERL was decreased when the weight percentage of CPM increased. The reduction of the T_g could be described by Kwei equation, indicating the interaction between CPM and ERL. Modulus and tensile stress decreased whereas tensile strain (%) increased when weight percentage of CPM increased. The change of mechanical properties was associated with the reduction of the T_g when weight percentage of CPM increased. ERL films obtained from four formulations could release the drug in no less than 10?h. Cumulative amount of drug release per unit area of ERL film containing only CPM (CRHP0/0) was lower than those obtained from the formulations containing traditional plasticizer (CRHP0/5), surfactant (CRHP2/0) or both of them (CRHP2/5). The increase of drug release was a result of the increase of drug permeability through ERL film and drug solubility based on traditional plasticizer and surfactant, respectively.     

Negative Poisson's Ratio in Modern Functional Materials

Materials with negative Poisson's ratio attract considerable attention due to their underlying intriguing physical properties and numerous promising applications, particularly in stringent environments such as aerospace and defense areas, because of their unconventional mechanical enhancements. Recent progress in materials with a negative Poisson's ratio are reviewed here, with the current state of research regarding both theory and experiment. The inter‐relationship between the underlying structure and a negative Poisson's ratio is discussed in functional materials, including macroscopic bulk, low‐dimensional nanoscale particles, films, sheets, or tubes. The coexistence and correlations with other negative indexes (such as negative compressibility and negative thermal expansion) are also addressed. Finally, open questions and future research opportunities are proposed for functional materials with negative Poisson's ratios.     

膨胀型阻燃涂料对木材的阻燃性能

以脲醛树脂(UF)和硅丙乳液(SEA)树脂分别为基料,三聚氰胺磷酸盐(MP)-三聚氰胺(MEL)-季戊四醇(PER)为膨胀阻燃体系,制备膨胀型阻燃涂料。通过极限氧指数、热重分析、锥形量热、扫描电镜对涂料阻燃性能表征分析证明,与SEA相比,UF分解温度较低,残炭量提高了11.53%;与硅丙乳液基三聚氰胺磷酸盐涂料(SEA/MP)木材阻燃涂料相比,脲醛树脂基三聚氰胺磷酸盐涂料(UF/MP/MEL/PER)木材阻燃涂料具有良好的阻燃性能、热稳定性和抑烟性能,残炭量提高了5.05%,总放热量降低了17.0%,总烟气生成量降低了39.3%,在木材表面形成的炭层更加完整。     

单层氧化石墨烯改性水性聚氨酯

采用一种新型高效的铁系强氧化剂成功制备出单层氧化石墨烯(GO),通过衰减全反射红外光谱、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、原子力显微镜、场发射电子显微镜表征了这种单层GO的形态和性质。通过超声将GO分散于去离子水中,于水性聚氨酯(WPU)合成的乳化阶段共混制备出GO-WPU复合材料,测试了其拉伸性能、热学性能、疏水性的变化,同时利用透射电镜和场发射电子显微镜分别对乳液粒子形态与涂膜截面形貌进行了观察。结果表明,单层GO在乳化阶段的加入所制备的复合材料的拉伸强度得到了明显的改善,由原来的10 MPa增加到24 MPa,当GO质量分数为0.30%,复合聚氨酯的初始热分解温度(T_(d5))从245℃上升到272℃,同时,随着GO用量的逐步增加,复合膜的接触角则由70.3°提高到了95.2°从而实现了疏水性的改善。     

4J29可伐合金材料低温热物性及弹性模量测试

为了研究4J29可伐合金的低温热物性和机械性能,为低温系统的设计、结构变形、力学稳定性、装调和光学校准等提供技术保障,分别选用"稳态纵向热流法"、"稳态法"测试了4J29可伐合金在77—300 K温区的热导率和比热容,采用弹性模量试验机测试了77—300 K温区的弹性模量系数。通过标准样品材料TC4对比及误差分析,证明热导率测量误差在9%以内,其它误差均控制在6%以内。     

单环苯并噁嗪树脂热解的ReaxFF反应动力学模拟

采用ReaxFF动力学方法模拟了非交联固化单环苯并噁嗪树脂在不同温度下的热解特性。模拟结果表明,N桥键的断裂是热解的主要引发反应,H_2,H_2O和大分子碳团簇是热解的主要产物。随着反应温度升高,H_2的数量急剧增加,而H_2O的数量反而降低,高温有利于促进相对分子质量较大的碳团簇的形成,还观察到了CO,NH_3,N_2和HCN等小分子产物。用ReaxFF动力学方法模拟所得的气体产物以及含类似石墨烯结构的碳团簇与实际实验结果一致,ReaxFF动力学模拟方法可以作为一种研究苯并噁嗪树脂高温热解反应的有效途径。     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/二氧化硅复合材料的热性能

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/二氧化硅(PMMA/Si O_2)复合材料可以通过简便的单体浇铸、本体聚合方法制备,二氧化硅用硅烷偶联剂3-(异丁烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(γ-MPS)进行表面修饰,并用红外光谱表征其甲苯抽提后的组成。当加入量为11.76%时,PMMA/Si O_2复合材料的导热率达到0.23 W/(m·K),比基体PMMA提高了27.78%。用PMMA红外光谱的侧甲基弯曲振动峰(δCH3)与羰基(νC=O)的伸缩振动峰比值可以表示PMMA大分子的偶合终止与歧化终止的比例,随着二氧化硅含量的增加,歧化终止比例升高,从而使PMMA/Si O_2复合材料的热稳定性提高,与热重分析结果一致。     

静电纺丝制备聚苯乙烯/纳米纤维素晶体纳米复合薄膜及其性能表征

采用静电纺丝法成功制备出聚苯乙烯(PS)/纳米纤维素晶体(CNCs)纳米复合薄膜,并对复合纤维薄膜的形貌、热学性能、力学性能和疏水性能进行了表征。结果表明,随CNCs添加量的增加,静电纺PS/CNCs纳米复合纤维表面逐渐光滑,且纤维平均直径呈先增大后减小趋势;纳米复合薄膜呈两阶段热分解方式,其最大热解温度由415.2℃升高到421.4℃;纳米复合薄膜的拉伸性能也随CNCs的增加而有所提高,CNCs添加量为m(CNCs)/m(PS)=7/100时得到纳米复合薄膜的最大拉伸应力为(0.4±0.02)MPa,为电纺PS纳米纤维薄膜拉伸应力的5.7倍,而断裂伸长率则呈逐渐减小趋势。亲水性CNCs的加入,并未降低PS本身疏水特性,其接触角先增大至139°后减小到130°,接触角总体呈增大趋势。     

聚砜酰胺基单聚合物复合材料的热性能及降解动力学

采用热重分析对作为耐高温材料使用的聚砜酰胺基单聚合物复合材料(PSA SPCs)进行热性能研究。通过计算积分程序分解温度(IPDT)和温度指数Ts分别评价材料的热稳定性和长期使用温度,通过计算温度指数Tzg来表征耐热性能。PSA SPCs的IPDT、Ts以及Tzg分别为1305℃,248℃和255℃,而PSA树脂材料相对应的参数值依次是1162℃,243℃和244℃,表明PSA SPCs的热性能优于PSA树脂材料。采用不同升温速率,分别用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法和Kissenger法研究其热降解动力学,计算得到反应活化能(Ea)分别为152.26 k J/mol,146.85 k J/mol,优于PSA树脂材料的Ea值(133.54 k J/mol,127.88 k J/mol)。