Fat bloom formation and characterization in milk chocolate observed by atomic force microscopy

The surface microstructure and polymorphic behavior of milk chocolate subjected to multiple thermal cycles between 20 and 32, 33, or 34°C were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface of unbloomed milk chocolate was smooth (surface roughness of 278 nm) and consisted of small, evenly distributed crystals. XRD results indicated the presence of mostly form V crystals and little or no form VI crystals. Cycling between 20 and 32°C resulted in little bloom formation and change in polymorphic behavior. Gradual bloom formation occurred as a result of cycling between 20 and 33°C, and was accompanied by the nascence of form VI crystals. Surface roughness increased gradually from 417 nm after one cycle to 476 and 521 nm after two and three cycles, respectively. Extensive bloom arose from cycling between 20 and 34°C. Surface roughness increased from 373 nm after one cycle to 603 and 736 nm after two and three cycles, respectively. This heavily bloomed chocolate consisted of jutting crystals and large raised, yet smooth areas that were haphazardly located within the chocolate matrix. In summary, a new perspective on the development of surface bloom due to thermal cycling is provided.     

Morphology of porous n-GaP anodically formed in different mineral acids

n-type GaP(100) was anodized in H₂SO₄, HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃ and H₃PO₄ in order to obtain porous structures. Remarkable differences in the morphology were found when anodisation was carried out under comparable electrochemical conditions. Etching in HF led to a statistically porous structure, but no evidence for higher ordering was obtained. Etching in HCl solutions caused a localized attack of the surface leading to porous insular areas. In HBr highly defined rectangular pores grow perpendicular to the (100)-surface forming several μm thick well defined porous layers. In HI pores are aligned parallel to equipotential lines along defects. Pore formation in H₃PO₄ and HNO₃ can lead to highly complex ordered structures. Clearly the work shows that the formation of porous n-GaP is strongly dependent on the anion present in the electrolyte.     

基于SDL＆OpenGL的跨平台三维游戏中的关键技术研究

三维游戏正处在蓬勃发展的时期,跨平台三维游戏开发技术中涉及的优化技术仍然是值得关注和难于掌握的.文章从跨平台技术开始,以一款具体的三维游戏设计为例,分析了三维游戏中的各种功能实现和优化技术,包括纹理技术、列表技术、高级字体技术、IBR技术、混合技术以及绘制顺序的优化策略等,并通过运用这些优化技术来得到较好的游戏结果.     

基于数学形态变换的骨骼CT图像边缘提取

本文提出了数学形态变换结合Canny边缘算子提取图像边缘的方法,通过研究骨骼CT图像边缘提取,证明该方法几何意义明确,去噪效果明显,性能优越。     

Ni、Fe含量对制备钨纳米晶须的影响

以钨粉、硝酸镍、硝酸铁为原料,通过氧化还原法,制备出了定向生长在钨粉表面的纳米晶须。采用XRD、SEM、EDS等分析手段初步研究了Ni、Fe含量对制备钨纳米晶须的影响。结果表明,以硝酸盐形式加入Ni、Fe可使钨粉形貌发生变化,表面催化定向生长出钨纳米晶须;在实验选定成分范围内,制备钨纳米晶须的最佳质量配比为W∶Ni∶Fe=90∶5∶5。     

稀土元素对掺杂钨粉还原过程及性能的影响

利用中止还原的方法,研究了稀土元素对掺杂钨粉还原过程及其性能的影响。结果表明,在同样的还原工艺条件下,稀土元素能使掺杂钨粉的还原速率减小,分裂时间更晚,但最终的钨粉粒度更细小,可获得几百纳米的超细钨粉。还原后,粉末的形貌由准球形转变为规则的立方体形。稀土元素还促进钨粉中钾含量的提高。     

Orthographic Structure Versus Morphological Structure: Principles of Lexical Organization in a Given Language.

Most models of visual word recognition in alphabetic orthographies assume that words are lexically organized according to orthographic similarity. Support for this is provided by form-priming experiments that demonstrate robust facilitation when primes and targets share similar sequences of letters. The authors examined form-orthographic priming effects in Hebrew, Arabic, and English. Hebrew and Arabic have an alphabetic writing system but a Semitic morphological structure. Hebrew morphemic units are composed of noncontiguous phonemic (and letter) sequences in a given word. Results demonstrate that form-priming effects in Hebrew or Arabic are unreliable, whereas morphological priming effects with minimal letter overlap are robust. Hebrew bilingual subjects, by contrast, showed robust form-priming effects with English material, suggesting that Semitic words are lexically organized by morphological rather than orthographic principles. The authors conclude that morphology can constrain lexical organization even in alphabetic orthographies and that visual processing of words is first determined by morphological characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

聚氨酯基pH/温度敏感性水凝胶的结构形态

通过阴离子型端丙烯酸酯基聚氨酯(UAA)与N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)的共聚交联反应,制备了pH/温度敏感性水凝胶,分析了水凝胶的结构形态及溶胀水的状态.结果表明,凝胶相结构均匀,随聚氨酯含量的降低,凝胶的骨架变得松散,并且孔道结构增大,导致溶胀凝胶中不可冻结水含量及凝胶强度的降低.     

Velocity-Guided Tracking of Deformable Contours in Three Dimensional Space

This paper presents a 3D active contour model for boundary detection and tracking of non-rigid objects, which applies stereo vision and motion analysis to the class of energy-minimizing deformable contour models, known as snakes. The proposed contour evolves in three-dimensional space in reaction to a 3D potential function, which is derived by projecting the contour onto the 2D stereo images. The potential function is augmented by a kinetic term, which is related to the velocity field along the contour. This term is used to guide the inter-image contour displacement. The incorporation of inter-frame velocity estimates in the tracking algorithm is especially important for contours which evolve in 3D space, where the added freedom of motion can easily result in loss of tracking. The proposed scheme incorporates local velocity information seamlessly in the snake model, with little computational overhead, and does not require exogenous computation of the optical flow or related quantities in each image. The resulting algorithm is shown to provide good tracking performance with only one iteration per frame, which provides a considerable advantage for real time operation.     

基于小波形态学的文本自动检测

视频数据中的文本能提供重要的语义信息。论文针对视频中的文本分割问题,提出一种分割方法,用具有良好时频局部和变尺度特性的小波分析方法,提取出纹理清晰、具有不同空间分辨率、不同方向的边缘子图象,然后,用数学形态学的方法对提取出的细节图象进行进一步的形态运算,消除无用的信息,得到最终的文本目标区域。实验表明该方法简单有效,适合于背景较复杂的文本分割。