感潮河道桥梁和码头工程群对行洪累积影响

以宁波甬江流域感潮河段所建工程群为研究对象,基于Delft3 D数学模型开展了典型洪潮条件下桥梁和码头群对河道行洪的累积影响研究,对比分析单类工程群和两类工程群对河道洪水位和流速的影响.结果表明:桥梁和码头群对河道行洪存在累积影响,位置集中在宁波大学上游的甬江、奉化江和姚江河段;在两类工程群单独作用下均存在水位(流速)...     

顾及日月高阶引潮力位的岁差章动力矩的推导

外天体对地球的力学扰动产生几种共生的天文和地球物理现象，如:地球惯性轴和旋转轴在空间的进动和章动，旋转轴相对地球本身的近周日摆动，地面测站的垂线偏差和重力的周期性变化等。岁差章动力矩是解释这些现象的前提条件，也是建立刚体地球章动序列的最主要方法之一。本文顾及了日月高阶引潮力位对岁差章动力矩的影响，进行了理论推导，给出了正确实用的理论公式。     

Warming of the lower Columbia River, 1853 to 2018

Water temperature is a critical ecological indicator; however, few studies have statistically modeled century-scale trends in riverine or estuarine water temperature, or their cause. Here, we recover, digitize, and analyze archival temperature measurements from the 1850s onward to investigate how and why water temperatures in the lower Columbia River are changing. To infill data gaps and explore changes, we develop regression models of daily historical Columbia River water temperature using time-lagged river flow and air temperature as the independent variables. Models were developed for three time periods (mid-19th, mid-20th, and early 21st century), using archival and modern measurements (1854–1876; 1938–present). Daily and monthly averaged root-mean-square errors overall are 0.89°C and 0.77°C, respectively for the 1938–2018 period. Results suggest that annual averaged water temperature increased by 2.2°C ± 0.2°C since the 1850s, a rate of 1.3°C ± 0.1°C/century. Increased water temperatures are seasonally dependent. An increase of approximately 2.0°C ± 0.2°C/century occurs in the July–Dec time-frame, while springtime trends are statistically insignificant. Rising temperatures change the probability of exceeding ecologically important thresholds; since the 1850s, the number of days with water temperatures over 20°C increased from ~5 to 60 per year, while the number below 2°C decreased from ~10 to 0 days/per year. Overall, the modern system is warmer, but exhibits less temperature variability. The reservoir system reduces sensitivity to short-term atmospheric forcing. Statistical experiments within our modeling framework suggest that increased water temperature is driven by warming air temperatures (~29%), altered river flow (~14%), and water resources management (~57%).     

文丘里型导管对潮流涡轮机作用荷载和转速的影响

为了提高潮流能发电涡轮机的出力,设计了一种新型涡轮机叶片及其文丘里型导管。通过室内水槽试验,研究了文丘里型导管对低速来流的增速作用和对斜向来流的矫正作用,剖析了自由流不同偏流角、文丘里型导管不同长径比和不同面积比对涡轮机转速的影响。从理论上推导出作用于潮流涡轮机上荷载(推力、转矩和径向力)的计算公式,并结合试验结果分析了潮流作用于涡轮机上的荷载随自由流偏流角及文丘里型导管长径比和面积比的变化关系。结果表明,文丘里型导管可显著提高涡轮机的转速,其大小取决于导管的长径比和面积比；在不同偏流角情形下,转速在长径比为1.5~2.0时最大,即导管不宜太长或太短；转速随面积比的增大而增大,在偏流角为30°时达到极大值；转矩和径向力随面积比的增大而增大,但随长径比、偏流角的变化存在临界值,推力则随偏流角的增大而减小；与自由流情形相比,文丘里型导管不仅可以增大潮流速度,同时还具有矫正偏流的作用,从而提高输入涡轮机的功率。     

长江口深水航道整治原理

回顾了长江口治理研究工作的简要历程．扼要地介绍了国内外一些主要潮汐河口深水航道的整治经验．根据长江口的水文、泥沙及河床特征，给出了确定长江口整治河段治导线的起始断面宽度、沿程放宽率和曲率半径等主要参数的方法．提出了整治工程建筑物平面布置的一般原则和确定导堤长度和堤顶高程的依据．长江口深水航道治理工程的一、二期工程实施以来的整治段河床变化表明，本文提出的整治原理基本符合长江口地区的实际情况．     

基于井水位潮汐响应探讨含水层的水力特征及其变化

为了科学地认识应力荷载对地下水渗流运动规律的影响,揭示井孔-含水层系统与地震活动的响应关系,以华蓥山断裂带附近的大足井和北碚井为例,基于潮汐响应推求观测段含水层水力特征参数,探讨汶川地震对含水层水力特征及地下水流运动状态的影响,并对其变化机制进行解释。结果表明：大足井附近含水层中地下水运动以径向流为主,利用潮汐径向流模型计算出含水层水平渗透系数与以往抽水试验的结果基本一致;北碚井孔-含水层系统中地下水垂向流和径向流并存,引入越流含水层系统模型得到越流系数范围为1.5×10-8~2.5×10-8 s-1;汶川地震后,北碚和大足井水位均发生了阶降变化且含水层中地下水垂向流运动增强,分析认为原因是该区域侏罗系砂岩含水层在较大范围内存在着统一的水力联系,且局部裂隙发育,倾角较大,地震导致含水层发生膨胀变形和裂隙疏通,在重力作用下地下水顺层或沿裂隙通道流动。研究结果有助于提高对含水层受力变形与渗流相互作用的认识,进一步深化井孔-含水层系统对地震活动响应机制的研究     

Nocturnal tidal barrier management improves glass eel migration in times of drought and salinization risk

Adjusted tidal barrier management (ATBM, setting tidal doors ajar during tidal rise) is currently applied in Belgium to improve glass eel passage through tidal gates. However, salt intrusion in the receiving waters due to upwelling and accumulation of saline groundwater as a result of intensive drought put severe pressure on the unrestrained use of this cost-efficient mitigation measure. We evaluated the efficacy of a very restricted ATBM at a tidal barrier on a small canalized waterway, located 3.5 km from the sea: one out of seven gate doors was left 20 cm ajar for ca. 30 min when the water levels on both sides of the tidal barrier were approximately equal. During 20 inflow events differing in tidal flow (i.e., flood or ebb tide) and daytime (i.e., day or night) in March/April 2019, migrating glass eels were caught with a fyke net fixed on the temporally opened gate. In total, 12,853 glass eels were captured, almost all during flood tides at night (96%), with a maximum catch of 3,827 individuals per inflow event. These results show that even small windows of opportunity can help glass eels pass tidal barriers.     

潮汐水域油污染计算

采用河口海岸三维模型(POM模型)计算了杭州湾、长江口的潮致流场.在此基础上,对杭州湾北岸的中港、星火和金山3个排污口冬、夏两季排放的含油废水油浓度分布进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明,在杭州湾、长江口以半日潮波占支配地位,其潮流场以M2分潮为主;在长江径流的影响下,潮致余流组成不甚明显的不对称顺时针方向的涡旋,有利于污染物向杭州湾外输移.从污染物向杭州湾外输移的情况来看,以中港较为有利,星火次之,金山较差.在现有计算条件下,取排污口油浓度初值为10 mg/L,3个排污口排出的含油废水均可达到国家Ⅲ类水质的标准.