Progress of key strategies in development of electrospun scaffolds: bone tissue

There has been unprecedented development in tissue engineering (TE) over the last few years owing to its potential applications, particularly in bone reconstruction or regeneration. In this article, we illustrate several advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to the design of electrospun TE scaffolds. We also review the major benefits of electrospun fibers for three-dimensional scaffolds in hard connective TE applications and identify the key strategies that can improve the mechanical properties of scaffolds for bone TE applications. A few interesting results of recent investigations have been explained for future trends in TE scaffold research.     

组织工程支架研究进展

简述了组织工程支架的重要性及要求,综述了制备组织工程支架所用生物活性陶瓷、天然高分子及合成高分子材料的特点,着重介绍了静电纺丝法、热致相分离法、溶剂浇铸/粒子沥滤法和冷冻-干燥法制备组织工程支架的原理,提出了组织工程支架研究存在的问题,并展望了组织工程支架未来的研究方向。     

硬组织修复材料的骨再生机理研究

传统硬组织修复材料由于在组成及结构上与人体骨组织存在较大差异,植入体内后的骨组织修复过程基本上是一种被动的"充填"过程,且材料的降解速度与新骨形成速度不匹配,难以达到真正的"生物性融合",严重制约了该类材料在骨科临床的推广应用。因此,设计与制备具有"主动修复功能"和"可调控生物响应特性"的第3代新型硬组织修复材料已成为当前骨科临床的新需求和未来的发展方向。介绍了硬组织修复材料的骨再生机理研究方法,综述了硬组织修复材料与宿主防御和骨再生及宿主微环境对材料与宿主细胞相互作用的研究现状。指出硬组织修复材料植入体内后所发生的序列事件可能通过表观遗传修饰使得基因表达受材料本身和宿主微环境等因素的调控,提出新型硬组织修复材料研究中存在的问题和发展趋势。     

Hyaluronan hydration generates three-dimensional meso-scale structure in engineered collagen tissues

Here, we show that the local incorporation of osmotically active hyaluronan into previously compressed collagen constructs results in further rapid dehydration/compression of collagen layers, channel formation and generation of new interfaces; these novel structures, at the nano–micro (i.e. meso-scale) were formed within native collagen gels, in a highly predictable spatial manner and offer important new methods of fabricating scaffolds (e.g. tubes and open-spirals) with potential for use in tissue regeneration such as in peripheral nerves and small vessels. This paper tests the possibility that the local fluid content of a dense collagen network can be controlled by incorporation of an osmotically active (native) macromolecule—hyluronan. This is an exemplar physiological, osmotic swelling agent. Hyaluronan is commonly secreted by cells deep in connective tissues, so is a good candidate for this role in a cell-driven system balancing mechanical compaction of bulk tissue collagen. These constructs may have potential as functional in vitro models representing developmental and pathological processes.     

Characterizing and optimizing poly-l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone membranes for urothelial tissue engineering

Different synthetic biomaterials such as polylactide (PLA), polycaprolactone and poly-l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone (PLCL) have been studied for urothelial tissue engineering, with favourable results. The aim of this research was to further optimize the growth surface for human urothelial cells (hUCs) by comparing different PLCL-based membranes: smooth (s) and textured (t) PLCL and knitted PLA mesh with compression-moulded PLCL (cPLCL). The effects of topographical texturing on urothelial cell response and mechanical properties under hydrolysis were studied. The main finding was that both sPLCL and tPLCL supported hUC growth significantly better than cPLCL. Interestingly, tPLCL gave no significant advantage to hUC attachment or proliferation compared with sPLCL. However, during the 14 day assessment period, the majority of cells were viable and maintained phenotype on all the membranes studied. The material characterization exhibited potential mechanical characteristics of sPLCL and tPLCL for urothelial applications. Furthermore, the highest elongation of tPLCL supports the use of this kind of texturing. In conclusion, in light of our cell culture results and mechanical characterization, both sPLCL and tPLCL should be further studied for urothelial tissue engineering.     

某钢厂大型能源储备中心自动化控制系统设计

本文拟通过国内某大型钢铁公司能源储备中心的实例设计,讲述在煤气混合加压工艺中,高炉、焦炉、转炉煤气管道上的流量检测和控制方法。     

湘钢配用罗布河矿的烧结试验

对罗布河矿的烧结特性及烧结规律进行了研究,针对湘钢的原料条件进行了配加该矿的烧结杯试验及工业试验。结果表明:罗布河矿烧结性能较差,随其配比增加,应适当提高混合料水分和焦粉配比,从而保证烧结矿转鼓强度和利用系数。罗布河矿配比每增加5%,烧结矿品位下降0.2%,SiO2上升0.08%,Al2O3也增加,同时,FeO含量提高,烧结矿强度指标有所改善,但烧结矿显微结构较差。因此,在应用中需综合考虑烧结矿品位、Al2O3含量及强度指标对高炉生产的影响。     

中枢神经再生材料研究进展

首先介绍了目前中枢神经再生面临的问题和应对策略,然后系统地综述了脑再生和脊髓再生修复材料的发展。研究发现,成人中枢神经系统内存的神经干细胞和具有特定分化方向的前体细胞具有潜在的、巨大的修复功能;生物支架材料与神经干细胞的联合使用能够较好地控制细胞微环境,有望提高细胞移植后的存活状况,促进中枢神经再生。最后,结合现在中枢神经再生的研究热点——神经干细胞,阐述了中枢神经再生材料调控干细胞的研究进展和潜能,为联合应用生物材料与干细胞促进中枢再生提供了参考。     

酚醛树脂用量对木陶瓷性能的影响

砂光木粉浸渍酚醛树脂经干燥、热压后在真空条件下烧结处理后制得了碳/碳复合材料(木陶瓷)。分析了酚醛树脂用量对木陶瓷尺寸收缩率、碳得率、力学性能、耐磨性的影响,并利用全自动元素分析仪检测了酚醛树脂用量对木陶瓷元素组成的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了酚醛树脂用量对木陶瓷微观形貌和结构的影响。结果表明,随着酚醛树脂用量的增加,木陶瓷的碳得率增大,尺寸收缩呈下降趋势,力学性能增强,耐磨性明显提高,木陶瓷中C、H含量降低,O、N的总含量升高;SEM观察结果说明,随着酚醛树脂用量的增加,木陶瓷内酚醛树脂碳化形成的玻璃碳更加明显,但对XRD谱图没有明显影响。当木粉与酚醛树脂的质量比为40∶60时,木陶瓷的结构与性能最稳定,并具有较好的力学性能和耐磨性。     

Q235钢厚向拉伸试验研究

由于轧制的原因,轧制钢材的纤维组织呈流线分布,在不同取向的拉伸力学性能存在明显差异,为研究材料厚向拉伸性能,分别对具有正交各项异性的Q235钢做了横向拉伸和厚向拉伸试验,得出其拉伸曲线,结果显示,厚向拉伸时,材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度都小于横向拉伸,表明该材料在厚向拉伸时的力学性能最差。