Supercritical fluid extraction of Chinese Maoming oil shale with water and toluene

Chinese Maoming (Guangdong Province) oil shale was subjected to supercritical fluid extraction with water and toluene, respectively, in a batch autoclave. Yields of organic matter were greater with toluene than with water, and more organic compounds of high molecular weight were extracted with toluene than with water, although the weight losses of the oil shale with toluene and water were almost the same. Yield distributions ofn-alkanes were also almost the same, irrespective of the solvent. This paper is dedicated to Dr L K Doraiswamy on his sixtieth birthday.     

二氧化锰/石墨烯臭氧催化氧化甲苯反应性能

采用一步水热合成法,在180℃,12 h条件下制备了30%二氧化锰/石墨烯(MnO2/G)复合材料。实验结果表明:MnO2均匀且较为牢固地锚定于石墨烯表面,同时MnO2的沉积阻止了多层石墨烯的复合,从而使得复合物具有较大的比表面积。相同条件下,MnO2/石墨烯相较于单纯MnO2或石墨烯具有很好的臭氧催化氧化甲苯性能,这可以归结于MnO2和石墨烯间的协同催化作用。     

矾土尾矿载体氧化物组分对甲苯催化燃烧的影响

利用固体废弃物矾土矿尾矿制备催化剂载体,采用浸渍法将氧化物活性组分载于催化剂载体,对甲苯催化燃烧进行了研究。实验结果表明:以矾土矿尾矿制备的催化剂载体,所选4种单一活性组分中,催化效果较好的为Mn/Zr O2和Cu/Zr O2整体催化剂,其负载14%Mn/Zr O2整体催化剂在260℃时转化率为47%,负载16%Cu/Zr O2整体催化剂在300℃时转化率为49%,均接近起燃温度。     

亚临界甲醇中麻疯树油制备生物柴油的研究

对麻疯树油在催化剂对甲苯磺酸作用下与亚临界甲醇反应制备脂肪酸甲酯(生物柴油)进行了研究。结果表明在反应温度170℃、醇油摩尔比40:1、催化剂用量占油重的0.75%和反应时间30 m in的条件下,反应产物中脂肪酸甲酯含量可达93%以上。制备的生物柴油,各项指标与柴油相似。主要性能指标,符合ASTMPS121-99(USA)和0#矿物柴油标准。     

苯并硫氮杂卓化合物助催化下甲苯定向氯化

甲苯氯化反应在L酸催化下,加入助催化剂可以调节邻氯甲苯和对氯甲苯比率。合成了三种不同结构杂环苯并硫氮杂卓化合物助催化剂。以SbCl3为催化剂,分别用三种不同结构苯并硫氮杂卓化合物为助催化剂,考察了甲苯定向氯化对氯甲苯选择性的影响;得出最高选择性助催化剂后,找出温度和催化剂用量等工艺条件,使甲苯定向氯化对氯甲苯与邻氯甲苯物质的量之比达到1.29。     

甲苯和甲醇侧链烷基化反应的研究进展

甲苯和甲醇侧链烷基化制备苯乙烯及乙苯反应具有潜在应用前景。与传统工艺相比,此反应具有原料来源广、成本低、能耗低和污染少等优点。综述了甲苯和甲醇侧链烷基化制备苯乙烯及乙苯反应的研究现状,从反应机理、研究手段、研究结论以及各类催化剂性能方面进行了评述,并对催化剂的研究方向提出了建议。     

超临界二氧化碳中的甲苯选择性氧化反应

考察了甲苯选择性氧化反应中反应物及产物在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解性质。结果表明,甲苯在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度较大,在反应条件下能与二氧化碳形成均相;苯甲醇、苯甲醛和苯甲酸在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度随着物质极性的增强而降低。利用不同产物的溶解性差异,可实现超临界二氧化碳中甲苯的选择性氧化。同时考察了超临界二氧化碳中甲苯选择性氧化反应过程中,反应时间、反应压力、反应温度以及n(甲苯)/n(氧气)对反应选择性的影响。     

纸品粘结用聚氨酯热熔胶的制备

采用不同相对分子质量的聚乙二醇(PEG)和甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)为原料制备了水溶性聚氨酯热熔胶。讨论了PEG相对分子质量、原料配比、TDI滴加温度、反应时间等对产品性能的影响。结果表明,当PEG8000∶PEG600∶TDI摩尔比为1∶1∶2.28、TDI滴加温度为60～70℃、反应时间为3h时,所得聚氨酯热熔胶软化点为72.5℃、剪切强度为2.668MPa、吸湿率为0.81%,胶丝水溶性优,适用于纸品的粘接,并有利于废纸的回收处理。     

Dietary and host-related factors influencing carotenoid bioaccessibility from spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

Several dietary and host related factors potentially influencing carotenoid (beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin) bioaccessibility from spinach, including different concentrations of sodium, calcium and magnesium, were systematically investigated by means of an in vitro digestion model. Bioaccessibility was highest when milk (4% fat) and lowest when skimmed milk or more complex food matrices such as sausage were added to the meal. Micellarisation significantly depended on the presence and concentration of bile salts and pancreatin (p < 0.001, Bonferroni) but was unaffected by pepsin. Micellarisation significantly decreased to 61.4 ± 3.0% of control (p < 0.001, Dunnett’s) at high cholesterol (114 mg/test meal) but not at similar stigmasterol concentrations. Calcium and magnesium ?13.8 mM individually inhibited micelle formation ( >40% on average), presumably due to the generation of insoluble soaps with fatty acids and bile salts. Increased sodium concentrations (280 and 460 mM) altered carotenoid micellarisation patterns, favoring beta-carotene isomers (p < 0.001, Bonferroni) but decreasing lutein and zeaxanthin (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively, Bonferroni). This study suggests that minerals may impact carotenoid bioavailability.     

Hydrotropic properties of some short-chain alkylbenzene- and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates

Alkylbenzene sulfonates based on toluene, xylene and cumene, and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates act as hydrotropes in surfactant systems. One measure of hydrotropicity is the amount of hydrotrope required to clear a cloudy detergent formulation; some hydrotropes are more effective than others, depending on the surfactant formulation. Another measure is the modification of the viscosity of surfactant formulations; the change in the viscosity depends on the amount and type of hydrotrope used and on the specific formulation involved. Additionally, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate hydrotropes change the solubility of nonionic surfactants in water, and both types of hydrotrope raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactant solutions; however, the naphthalene-based hydrotropes are more efficient. Ross-Miles foam test data are used to compare the foam characteristics of different alkylnaphthalene sulfonates. A critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined for the alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, but although alkylbenzene sulfonates do show some surface activity, a CMC could not be found for these materials. Presented as a poster session at the AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, May 1997, Seattle, Washington, and at Soaps, Detergents, and Oleochemicals: An AOCS International Conference, October 1997, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.