表面波电磁声换能器及电声学特性的研究

电磁超声换能器的非接触、信号重复性好等特点使得其在高温自动检测、材料特性测量等领域有着广泛的应用前景。利用电磁超声技术激发表面波更是行之有效的方法,论文着重于理论分析,对表面波电磁声换能器的物理结构、电声学特性作了较为全面和深入的研究,并用等效电路模型探讨了阻抗匹配的方法。结果表明,电磁声换能器为感性负载,不同于压电器件的容性负载特性,因此对换能器的设计和优化也有着独自的特性;随着提离距离的增大,相应的换能效率也将急剧下降;阻抗匹配对于提高信号的输出强度,抑制谐波分量有着重要的作用,而采用电容并联匹配相比串联匹配,能够提供更高的转换效率。     

基于超声导波的水下管道缺陷检测

文中介绍一套可拆式传感器系统设计与制作,利用超声导波原理对水下管道的腐蚀进行检测,基于厚度剪切模式的压电陶瓷和可拆式固定装置组成,可拆式传感器系统包括传感器PZT特别设计,并且可以把传感器装置夹在要检测的管道上。当对水下设备的管道进行了一系列的测试,结果表明传感器系统能够有效地激发和接收T（0,1）模式的超声导波,由于T（0,1）模式超声导波能够在水下管道上长距离传播,因此适用于缺陷检测。人为缺口的回波信号与缺口的尺寸以及位置具有良好的相关性。研究表明这一可拆式传感器系统能够利用导波有效地对水下管道进行检测。     

基于声表面波实现数字微流体的产生

数字微流体的产生是压电材料为基片的微流控芯片进行微流分析的前提,报道了在压电基片上应用声表面波技术产生数字微流体的方法.在128°旋转Y切割X传播方向的LiNbO3基片上集成PDMS微通道,在微通道出口一侧为经疏水处理的铝薄片,注射泵产生恒定流量的微流体经PDMS微通道到达铝薄片并聚集,当聚集的微流体体积足够大时,微流体克服表面张力作用下滑到达压电基片,并在中心频率为27.7 MHz叉指换能器激发的声表面波作用下输运,实现微流体的数字化.同时,理论分析了微流体在铝薄片表面上受力状况,并以水为实验对象,进行微流体数字化实验.结果表明,声表面波作用下能精确产生微升量级数字微流体,为压电微流控芯片提供了一种新的微流体引入方法.     

A comparison of three‐dimensional embedded strain transducers,compression tested within the same strain field while offset at an angle with the principal axes

Abstract: The strain tensor and principal strains were derived for a range of different patterns of three‐dimensional strain transducers. The precisions of the estimates of these values were based on the Monte Carlo simulation applied to experimental work that was conducted on strain transducers tested within the same strain field. The estimates of precision were also determined theoretically and compared with results based on experimental findings. Results suggest that the tetrahedron transducers in experimental work do not perform as well as rectangular patterns and that estimates of principal strains, which were not coincident with the axes of the transducer, showed slight discrepancies.     

Processing and properties of 15–70 MHz 1–3 PZT fiber/polymer composites

This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of fine scale piezoelectric composites with 1–3 connectivity using fibers derived from a metal alkoxide sol-gel process. Using this technique, pure thickness mode resonance for this type of composite has been increased from 15 MHz up to 70 MHz by maintaining pillar aspect ratio requirements. Piezoceramic fibers of Nb or La modified lead zirconate titanate (PZT) were produced with final diameters ranging from 15 to 50 μm. Composites having 1–3 connectivity were produced using the fibers as pillars. Composites could be fabricated with volume fractions from 10 to 45% allowing tailoring of both the dielectric constant and acoustic impedance without degrading coupling. Dielectric constant, polarization and coercive field values varied slightly from bulk values due to clamping by the polymer matrix, increasing as the fiber diameter decreased. Composites with resonance frequencies ranging from 15 to 70 MHz were studied. The thickness dependence of the properties gave indications to radial mode/thickness mode interactions at pillar aspect ratios near 1.7 to 1 thickness to diameter. Coupling coefficients (k_t) from 58% to 73% with mechanical quality factors <15 were detected. Received: 4 April 2000 / Reviewed and accepted: 8 June 2000     

Development and assessment of a new operating principle for the measurement of unsteady flow rates in high-pressure pipelines

Instantaneous mass flow rate measurements in high-pressure transmission pipelines under transient flow conditions can be valuable for the analysis of hydraulic power systems. However, at present no reliable commercial measuring device is available for pressure levels beyond 300 bar. A new operating principle, of general application, for measuring the flow rate in high-pressure flows (from 300 to 2000 bar) was developed and assessed. The innovative device was capable of accurately evaluating the instantaneous mass flow rate on the basis of the pressure–time histories detected at two different locations by high-pressure transducers. The measurement operating principle was detailed and technical indications for the flowmeter correct design were provided.For validation purposes, the flow rate measurements taken at the inlet of a Multijet Common Rail (CR) injector were compared to the theoretical data predicted by an advanced numerical model of the complete fuel injection system.The developed flowmeter was then applied to characterize the flow rate ripple at the delivery of the CR high-pressure reciprocating pump.     

航空发动机试验传感器温漂数据有效性验证

针对航空发动机在台架试车中出现的传感器温漂故障,提出了基于经验模式分解(EMD)和Hilbert变换的航空发动机传感器数据有效性验证方法。首先,介绍了航空发动机传感器常见的失效模式以及EMD分解和Hilbert变换方法,并将其引入航空发动机传感器信号分析领域;然后,利用该方法对传感器故障信号进行分解,提取航空发动机传感器故障信号特征,通过故障信号重构和残差向量分析判断故障的严重程度,将原始信号中的故障信号予以剔除;最后,重构有效的信息成分,实现对数据的有效性验证。实例计算与分析验证了该方法在航空发动机传感器温漂数据有效性验证方面是有效的。     

振弦式传感器信号采集卡的研制

介绍振弦式传感器的数学模型及工作原理,给出了该传感器信号采集卡的设计方案。分析了激振与拾振电路的设计,传感器信号频率的等精度测量电路设计,以及采用CAN总线实现与主控卡相互通信的智能节点设计。该采集卡作为一个嵌入式智能单元,可实现根据不同应用需要与其他传感器采集卡自由组合,构成一个灵活的集成数据采集系统硬件平台。     

基于EMAT的三维声场断层扫描测量方法研究

不同电磁超声换能器(EMAT)的辐射声场分布特性不同,为了保证检测的有效性,需要对其声场分布进行准确测量。为测量固体金属材料中超声横波辐射声场的分布,采用针式EMAT作为测量超声横波声场的换能器,研究了基于断层扫描方式测量并重构三维辐射声场的方法。进一步建立了三维声场断层扫描测量实验系统,分析了测量系统的误差,并提出测量数据的补偿方法。实验测量了环形线圈EMAT在激励频率3.5 MHz时的辐射声场分布,获得其在铝和20#钢中的三维辐射声场,并分析得到其近场距离约为8 mm。结果表明该方法可有效地呈现超声横波在固体金属材料内部不同深度截面的声场分布,并对其处理可以获得待测EMAT在固体中的三维辐射声场分布。