Cure reaction for modified diallylbisphenol A/diaminodiphenylsulfone/bismaleimide

The glass‐transition temperature as a function of curing conversion for a modified diallylbisphenol A/diaminodiphenylsulfone/bismaleimide (BMI) resin was investigated at different temperature regimes and modeled using a modified Di Benedetto equation. Although the relationship between the glass‐transition temperature and conversion of the BMI system conforms to the Di Benedetto equation for α < 0.6 and at lower cure temperatures, at higher cure temperatures the results deviated significantly from the equation; thus, it was an inadequate model for the system. Fourier transform IR analysis showed that the major crosslinking reactions did not occur during cure for the modified BMI at and below 150°C. However, as the cure temperature was increased, the crosslinking reactions responsible for 3‐dimensional network structures became more dominant. At 190°C the C? N? C_stretch vibration of the uncured maleimide ring converted into succinimide rings in the curing process. Simultaneously, a decrease was observed for the absorbance bands of ? C? H_bending (maleimide). The higher cure temperatures induced a significantly faster initial crosslinking rate and also resulted in a shorter period of time after which further crosslinking was retarded, because the increase in the crosslinks also physically slowed further crosslinking activity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 227–235, 2002     

Pure perceptual-based sequence learning.

Learning a sequence of target locations when the sequence is uncorrelated with a sequence of responses and target location is not the response dimension (pure perceptual-based sequence learning) was examined. Using probabilistic sequences of target locations, the author shows that such learning can be implicit, is unaffected by distance between target locations, and is mostly limited to first-order transition probabilities. Moreover, the mechanism underlying learning affords processing of information at anticipated target locations and appears to be attention based. Implications for hypotheses of implicit sequence learning are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

过渡金属对Au-Pd/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

研究了掺杂过渡金属Ru,Ni,Co对Au-Pd/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂催化噻吩加氢脱硫活性的影响,并采用X射线衍射、电感耦合等离子发射光谱、程序升温还原和程序升温脱附等方法对TiO2-Al2O3复合载体、Au-Pd/TiO2-Al2O3和Au-Pd-TM/TiO2-Al2O3(TM表示过渡金属)催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明,掺杂过渡金属未改变Au-Pd/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂的结构;掺杂Ru或Ni增强了Au-Pd/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂的活性组分与TiO2-Al2O3复合载体的相互作用,降低了反应活化能,提高了催化剂活性组分的分散度和活性比表面积,改善了Au-Pd/TiO2-Al2O催化剂的吸附性能,从而提高了Au-Pd/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂催化噻吩加氢脱硫的活性;而掺杂Co的效果则与之相反。     

Characterization of Tomato Pulp Stickiness during Spray Drying using a Contact Probe Method

A contact probe test was developed to characterize the surface stickiness of a tomato pulp droplet at various moisture contents and temperatures. To provide tomato pulp samples with different moisture contents, tomato powder produced by a laboratory spray dryer was wetted to seven different moisture levels. The instantaneous tensile force curve was recorded during the probe withdrawal from which the maximum tensile force and other useful information were obtained and cross-examined against images of bonding, debonding, and failure of the material. Generally, at higher moisture contents tomato pulp exhibited cohesive failure followed by semi-adhesive failure, but when moisture content decreased to a certain level, a peak tensile pressure was observed and the failure was adhesive. In addition, higher temperatures shifted the points of adhesive failure toward lower moisture content.     

可降解温敏型共聚物PLGA-PEG-PLGA的合成及辐照法分子量调整

合成了不同嵌段的可降解的温敏型聚乙交酯丙交酯-聚乙二醇-聚乙交酯丙交酯共聚物（DL—lactide—co—glycolide-b-ethylene glycol—b—DL—lactide—co—glycolide，PLGA-PEG—PLGA）。用红外、核磁共振、凝胶渗透色谱等表征了其化学结构、分子量及分子量分布，研究了其相变过程。用辐照法成功地进行了PLGA—PEG—PLGA分子量调整。实验结果表明，在反应温度150℃催化剂辛酸亚锡0．04g反应8h，5．08g乙交酯与12．61g丙交酯（摩尔比为1：2）的条件下，产物溶于水后得到的水凝胶具有明显的相变过程。不同分子量的共聚物相变温度不同，在同定聚乙二醇分子量且共聚物溶液浓度相同条件下，共聚物中丙交酯与乙交酯比例越高，共聚物分子量越大，相同浓度下的分子量越大的共聚物形成的溶胶，凝胶转变温度越低，凝胶-溶胶转变温度越高。当辐照20kGy样品的分子量分布最大，从而改变凝胶的相变温度。     

Butyltin Species and Inorganic Tin in Water and Sediment of the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers

Water and sediment samples from 29 locations in the Detroit and St. Clair rivers were analyzed for the highly toxic tri-n-butyltin (Bu₃Sn⁺) species and for the less toxic di-n-butyltin (Bu₂Sn²⁺) and n-butyltin (BuSn³⁺) species and inorganic tin. In general, locations sampled in the St. Clair River were less contaminated with butyltin species than those in the Detroit River. Inorganic tin and BuSn³⁺ were detected in over 90% of all subsurface water samples, while Bu₂Sn²⁺ and Bu₃Sn⁺ were detected in 45 and 28% of the same samples, respectively. The highest concentration ofBu₃Sn⁺ in subsurface water, 5.9 × 10^?10 mol Sn/L, was at the mouth of the Ecorse River, a tributary of the Detroit River. The three butyltin species and inorganic tin were also detected in 23–46% of all sediment samples. The highest concentrations of Bu₃Sn⁺ in sediment were found close to the mouths of the River Rouge, another tributary of the Detroit River, and the Ecorse River, and were 6.2 × I0^–7 and 1.7 × I0^–7 mol Sn/kg dry weight, respectively, for the top 2 cm of sediment.     

N.m.r. study of the ferroelectric phase transition in a 7030mol% copolymer of vinylidene fluoride (VF2) and trifluoroethylene (TrFE)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) studies of ¹⁹F nuclei in a $\text{70}\text{30}\text{mol}\text{\%}$ random copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene were performed at 9.14 MHz and 20.0 MHz. The free induction decays (FIDs) were analysed in terms of two T₂ components attributed to the amorphous and crystalline portions of the polymer. The changes in crystallinity as well as the effects of the ferroelectric transition were observed during cycles of heating and cooling between 20°C and 140°C. The crystalline component of the FID lengthens by a factor of 2 at 100°C on heating and decreases by this factor at 60°C on cooling, thus exhibiting the thermal hysteresis of this ferroelectric transition. The spin-lattice relaxation was also investigated. From measurements at 9.14 MHz the observed longitudinal relaxation time T₁ appears to be dominated by the dynamics of the amorphous phase and exhibits no anomaly through the phase transition. However, from measurements at 20 MHz, well defined minima of T₁ were observed, which are associated with the ferroelectric transition (especially after repeated annealing of the samples). Results are discussed in terms of the crystalline phase structure, which appears dynamically disordered above the ferroelectric phase transition. An analogy is considered with the plastic phase transitions encountered in molecular crystals.     

Dynamics of hydrated iron(II) cations in nafion polymer membranes

Mössbauer studies of Fe²⁺ in water-soaked nafion polymer membranes in the temperature range between 90 K and 250 K have been performed. Above a critical temperature (～ 180 K) the spectra exhibit both elastic narrow absorption lines and quasielastic broad lines. These spectra are typical of bounded diffusion phenomena observed by Mössbauer spectroscopy in macromolecular systems like haemoglobin, myoglobin and ferritin. Similar spectral shapes have been observed by quasielastic neutron scattering from water in nafion membranes. Within 50 K above the critical temperature the total Mössbauer absorption area decreases by an order of magnitude whereas the narrow absorption line decreases by two orders of magnitude. The results are interpreted in terms of bounded diffusive motion of the iron. Using a model based on overdamped harmonically bound Brownian motion, the essential parameters of the iron motion can be derived as a function of temperature. The iron motion most probably reflects the motion of a large Fe²⁺ complex, e.g. Fe(H₂O)²⁺₆, which is attached to the polymer side chains via the sulphonic group.     

Forecasting Capillary Characteristics for Aluminum Nitride Ceramic ― Liquid Metal Systems

A test has been devised that allows one to determine the work of adhesion and wettability in a system composed of aluminum nitride ceramics with a liquid metal without the need for experimental examination. A correlation is examined between the work of adhesion on the one hand and that criteria or others on the other that have been proposed by various researchers. Forecasts are made for the work of adhesion and wetting angle for a series of metals that have not been examined previously. An experimental check has been made on the forecast adhesion activity for some elements.