Sizing up ‘the box’ in order to fit in

Participants in design processes make an effort to come up with solutions that will be deemed acceptable, while accomplishing to ‘think out of the box’. Thinking ‘outside the box’ is often announced as a challenge to and for design teams. ‘The box’ is a metaphor often used in creative processes, and in organisational practices, as a term for rules and regulations, everyday routines and tacit knowledge of ‘how things usually are’ and ‘what we know about the world’. Such a challenge is meant to encourage participants to approach a situation with an open mind, challenge the most basic assumptions and be willing to do things differently. Basically, something different is being called for. Studies have shown that it is striking, how much the participants orient to actually ‘fit’ the box, even when asked to develop it. This paper shows how participants in design processes are ‘sizing up the box’, while participating in meetings or workshops in order to develop a design. They identify key stakeholders of the designated design project; they share their own expectations of these key stakeholders' possible perceptions, discuss the success criteria and negotiate the values that are to govern the design team in the development process.     

模糊控制器的伪码研究与实现

本文根据模糊控制器的工作原理,以倒立摆为例研究"伪码",详细说明如何用伪码对模糊控制器进行编程,特别使用数字语言值来描述输入、输出隶属函数.伪码程序具有通用性、可移植性,能够简单、方便的实现在线推理和控制.     

应用层次分析法确定石灰石矿爆破影响因素的权重

介绍了应用层次分析法确定指标权重的程序,并对影响石灰石露天矿台阶深孔爆破效果的主要因素进行加权,获得了较符合矿山实际的权重结果,为石灰石露天矿台阶深孔爆破效果评价提供了准确的依据.     

Radiation induced decontamination of Cr(Ⅵ), Cu(Ⅱ) and phenol in some tannery effluents

Industrialization has led to a number of environmental problems, such as release of toxic metals and other toxic organic and inorganic compounds to the environment. Among all, the rapid expansion of leather related industries in Pakistan have resulted in considerable environmental problems and effluents from processing of both domestic and imported hides and skins have increased pollution to alarming levels. Some tannery effluents of Peshawar area investigated in the present study showed high concentrations of Cr(Ⅵ) (2.7-12.6 mg/L), Cu(Ⅱ) (2.6-11.4 mg/L) and phenol (0.1-4.2 mg/L). These contaminants are very toxic and must be removed from effluents before releasing into water bodies. A new technique of gamma irradiation has been investigated to decrease the load of COD and concentrations of Cr(Ⅵ), Cu(Ⅱ) and phenol associated with tannery effluents to the permitted values. It was observed that concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) in the effluents can be brought to the permitted level by applying radiation dose of 3 kGy. A radiation dose of 2.5 kGy was required to remove more than 95% of Cu(Ⅱ) and 100 % degradation of phenol in tannery effluents could be achieved by only one kGy of radiation dose.     

Instrumental neutron activation analysis of beachrock samples of South East Coast of Tamilnadu, India

Element profiles of some beach rock samples collected from South East Coast of Tamilnadu, India have been determined using single comparator method of INAA. The geo-chemical behavior of the elements in the region is discussed. The irradiations were done at thermal neutron flux of ~ 1011 cm-2·s-1 at 20kW power using Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI), IGCAR, Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu, India. Around 19 elements have been determined from 15 samples by high-resolution gamma spectrometry. The accuracy and precision were evaluated by assaying the irradiated Standard Reference Material (SRM 1646a Estuarine sediment) and were found to be in good agreement with certified values.     

型钢高强混凝土柱轴压比限值分析

轴压比是影响柱抗震性能的一个主要因素,随着轴压比的增大,柱的抗震性能越来越差。从型钢混凝土柱正截面大、小偏心界限破坏时力的平衡条件出发,推导了型钢高强混凝土柱发生延性破坏的轴压力限值,并提出了其在不同抗震等级下轴压比限值,该限值可为型钢高强混凝土柱的抗震设计提供参考依据。     

屈服强度550MPa高强冷弯薄壁型钢轴压构件承载力设计

高强冷弯薄壁型钢结构在国外低层住宅和门式刚架体系中应用较广,国内已开始采用,但尚无相应设计规范可依。针对屈服强度550MPa高强钢材冷弯薄壁型钢结构常用的轴压构件的承载力设计方法进行了研究,包括其承载力计算模式及设计可靠度分析,并据此提出了相应的设计方法。最后,通过国内外现有相关试验数据的分析,验证了所提出的强度设计指标及承载力设计方法的合理性与可靠性。     

核素153Sm体素S因子特性的研究

基于体素S因子计算个体化病例的三维剂量是目前核医学研究的一个重要方向.153Sm是目前骨转移治疗常用的核素之一.本文利用EGS4蒙特卡罗程序包构建了基于体素的三维吸收剂量分布模拟程序,计算了不同情况下153Sm的S因子,探讨了介质成分和物理密度对S因子的影响.结果表明:1)不同物理密度对S因子有明显影响;2)在相同物理密度的情况下,不同介质对S因子的影响相对较小.计算结果为基于体素S因子计算核素治疗的三维剂量提供了参考,明确了在不考虑介质和物理密度差异时S因子的误差.     

多元素衬值累加法在东昆仑克贡玛地区找矿的应用

克贡玛地区位于东昆仑哈日扎—那更银矿带中部延伸地段,成矿地质条件较为优越。为实现该区快速找矿突破,在初步总结成矿地质背景基础上,本文详细研究了该区水系沉积物测量数据结构特性。采用相关性分析、R型聚类分析2种手段进行数据分析处理,并利用多元素衬值累加方法编制了地球化学异常图,实现了多元素异常“一张图”。通过典型矿点对比,有效识别了研究区高背景区域和低背景区域异常变化趋势,优选找矿靶区13处。经过查证,证实9处为矿致异常,找矿成功率达69.2%,实现了该区快速有效找矿突破。     

短期负荷预测最大Lyapunov指数预报模式预测值的判定

首先分析了相空间中混沌吸引子邻近轨道间的平行、交叉、折叠3种拓扑关系,根据负荷吸引子的特点提出了负荷时序最大Lyapunov指数预报模式预测值的判定依据,并探讨了相空间中临近点(轨道)的选择方法。仿真试验表明改进的负荷预测建模策略避免了原有Lyapunov指数预报模式预测值选择的盲目性,吸引子临近点的选择符合电力负荷数据的特点,所建立的短期负荷预测模型提高了预测精度并达到了预期效果。