直径小于2厘米胃癌预制因素分析

Objective:The aim of our study was to identify clinicopathological characteristics as predictive factors for gastric cancer tumours of less than 2 cm in diameter. Methods: The clinicopathological features of 129 patients with gastric cancer tumour of less than 2 cm in diameter were reviewed retrospectively from hospital records between 1980 and 2000. The results of retrospective analysis of clinicopathological data of 58 patients with advanced cancer were compared with those of 71 patients with early cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses of patients with gastric cancer tumours were performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of clinicopathological features. Results: Lymph-node metastasis was found more frequently in the advanced cancer group than in the early cancer group. In univariate analysis, unfavorable prognostic factors included deep cancer invasion. Using Cox's proportional hazard regression model, only depth of invasion emerged as an independent statistically significant prognostic parameter associated with long-term survival. Conclusion: Depth of invasion is an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer tumours of less than 2 cm in diameter. Laparoscopic surgery should not be performed on tumours that are diagnosis in advanced stage and lymph-node involvement. We recommend laparoscopic surgery involving local resection of the stomach without lymphadenectomy for small, early gastric cancer tumours. However, the validity of this recommendation should be tested by a prospective randomized control trial in the future.     

Structure-activity studies of human tumour necrosis factors

The mechanism by which tumour necrosis factors (TNF and lymphotoxin,also called TNFß and TNFß respectively) exerttheir cytotoxic activity on many malignant cells, remains largelyunknown. Furthermore, the broad array of differentiation (geneinduction) and mitogenic activities towards many primary cellsis still a subject of intensive investigation. TNF is an importantmediator in inflammation, immune responses and infection-relatedphenomena and these activities contribute to the severe toxidtyseen when TNF is used as an anticancer agent. The first stepin the mechanism of action is the specific binding of the ligandto its receptors and dissection of the molecular mechanism involvedin this interaction is the subject of this review. The reasonsfor the interest in this aspect are obvious: first, the developmentof strong antagonistic TNF analogues can be useful in dampeningthe potentially lethal or debilitating effects of an overproductionof the cytokine (as in septic shock or rheumatoid arthritis).Secondly, since two distinct TNF receptors exist, constructionof TNF muteins that distinguish between both types may leadto derivatives of this plekrtropic agent with a more restrictedbiological activity pattern. Ideally, one would like to developa TNF mutant that has retained its cytotoxic action on tumourcells without inducing the deleterious systemic toxteity. Suchan optimized TNF molecule could become a potent anticancer agent     

Analysis of boron-10 in soft tissue by dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry

We report here a preliminary study in which dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has provided images of boron‐10 (¹⁰B) in biological tissue as used in research into boron neutron capture therapy. Cultured tumour cells incubated in media containing known concentrations of a ¹⁰B‐containing compound, p‐boronophenylalanine (BPA), and intracranial tumour tissue from animals previously injected with BPA were analysed by an in‐house constructed SIMS. Investigations were conducted in positive secondary ion detection mode using a 25‐keV, 5‐nA gallium primary ion source. For calibration purposes, tissue standards were also analysed and their boron‐to‐carbon signal ratios correlated to bulk boron concentrations measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES). Ion maps of ¹⁰B, ¹²C, ²³Na and ³⁹K showing gross tissue and cell features were acquired. SIMS and ICP‐AES standard measurements were in good agreement. Tissue regions with high or low ¹⁰B concentrations were identified along with ¹⁰B hotspots in normal brain areas. Cultured cells revealed the intracellular localization of ¹⁰B. SIMS is capable of producing images showing the distribution of ¹⁰B at p.p.m. levels in cells and in normal and tumour‐bearing brain tissue.     

大鼠急性重症梗阻性黄疸减黄过程中TNF-α和IL-2的变化

目的探讨大鼠急性重症梗阻性黄疸减黄过程中血清TNF-α和IL-2及肝损伤的相关性,术前减黄对于免疫功能恢复的意义。方法以结扎胆总管（LCD）建立阻黄模型（LCD组,n=10）,在建立阻黄模型1周后松解胆总管（ID组,n=60）,正常组不进行任何处理（n=10）。采用放射免疫法测定正常组、LCD组术后1周及ID组不同时间点TNF-α、IL-2的含量,同时自动生化分析仪检测ALT和胆红素含量。结果 LCD组血清TNF-α为（1 320.58±82.15）μg.L-1,IL-2为（45.12±12.65）μg.L-1,与正常组相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;引流1周时ALT和胆红素分别为（7.25±1.16）U.L-1和（51.03±7.52）μmol.L-1,与LCD组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,与正常组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.01）;TNF-α在引流2周时已恢复正常,IL-2在引流4周时已恢复正常,与正常组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.01）;LCD组和引流组不同时间点的TNF-α与ALT呈正相关（r=0.762,P〈0.01）。结论 TNF-α和IL-2参与了肝损伤,术前减黄治疗对于急性重症梗阻性黄疸免疫功能的恢复具有重要意义。     

用文王八卦分析乳房疾病热图

笔者利用AGA红外热象仪检查了200多例妇女乳房疾病患者,经对乳房热图的统计分析,发现乳房肿瘤的常发区域在:外上象限45～50％,内上象限12～15％,乳头乳晕区15～20％。这一结论不仅符合乳房生理解剖学理论,而且与古老的文王八卦方位结构规律有着惊人的吻合之处。笔者根据文王八卦的宇宙、人体全息的概念,分析热图,并对50例病人进行了治疗的尝试,受益匪浅     

The efficient and unbiased estimation of nuclear size variability using the ‘selector’

The selector was used to make an unbiased estimation of nuclear size variability in one benign naevocellular skin tumour and one cutaneous malignant melanoma. The results showed that the estimates obtained using the selector were comparable to those obtained using the more time consuming Cavalieri-disector approach. Employing ‘optical sections’, the selector was found to be between five and ten times more efficient than the Cavalieri-disector method when using physical sections.     

斯普林联合化疗治疗中、晚期恶性肿瘤的临床观察

目的 :观察斯普林联合化疗治疗恶性肿瘤的疗效。方法 :84例中、晚期恶性肿瘤患者随机分成两组。观察组 :43例各类中、晚期恶性肿瘤患者应用斯普林联合化疗药治疗 ,斯普林每日静点 8ml,连用 3周。两组化疗用药基本相似。评价治疗前后血象变化、病人全身状况改善情况 (神疲、乏力 ,食欲减退 ,恶心、呕吐 ,腹胀、便秘 ,心悸、失眠 ) ,生活质量提高等方面。结果 :观察组血象WBC在治疗前后无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而对照组治疗后血象WBC明显下降 ,较治疗前有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。两组治疗后血象改变具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。观察组治疗后病人全身状况得到改善 ,生活质量明显提高 ,与对照组比较有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 ,斯普林具有良好稳定化疗病人血象 ,改善病人全身状况 ,提高病人生活质量的作用     

A Liquid Biopsy in Bladder Cancer—The Current Landscape in Urinary Biomarkers

The non-muscle invasive bladder cancer tends to recur and progress. Therefore, it requires frequent follow-ups, generating costs and making it one of the most expensive neoplasms. Considering the expensive and invasive character of the current gold-standard diagnostic procedure, white-light cystoscopy, efforts to find an alternative method are ongoing. Although the last decade has seen significant advancements in urinary biomarker tests (UBTs) for bladder cancer, international guidelines have not recommended them. Currently, the paramount urgency is to find and validate the test with the best specificity and sensitivity, which would allow for the optimizing of diagnosis, prognosis, and a treatment plan. This review aims to summarise the up-to-date state of knowledge relating to UBTs and new developments in the detection, prognosis, and surveillance of bladder cancer and their potential applications in clinical practice.     

Development of a Multiplex Immunohistochemistry Workflow to Investigate the Immune Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colon Cancer

Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) enables simultaneous staining of multiple immune markers on a single tissue section. Mounting studies have demonstrated the versatility of mIHC in evaluating immune infiltrates in different diseases and the tumour microenvironment (TME). However, the majority of published studies are limited to the analysis of human patient samples. Performing mIHC on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) mouse tissues, particularly with sensitive antigens, remain challenging. The aim of our study was to develop a robust and reproducible protocol to uncover the immune landscape in mouse FFPE tissues. Effective antibody stripping while maintaining sensitivity to antigens and tissue adhesion to the glass slide is critical in developing an mIHC panel to allow successive rounds of staining. Thus, we identified a highly efficient stripping method that preserves signal intensity and antigenicity to allow multiple rounds of staining. We subsequently optimised an mIHC workflow with antibodies specific against CD4, CD8α, FOXP3 and B220 to identify distinct T and B cell populations on mouse FFPE tissues. Lastly, the application of this mIHC panel was validated in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel cancer, two allograft mouse models of spontaneous colon adenocarcinoma and a sporadic mouse model of colon cancer. Together, these demonstrate the utility of the aforementioned protocol in establishing the quantity and spatial localisation of immune cells in different pathological tissues.     

What Are the Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in SCLC?

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy that exhibits a rapid doubling time, a high growth fraction, and the early development of widespread metastases. The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors to first-line chemotherapy represents the first significant improvement of systemic therapy in several decades. However, in contrast to its effects on non-SCLC, the advantageous effects of immunotherapy addition are modest in SCLC. In particular, only a small number of SCLC patients benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Additionally, biomarkers selection is lacking for SCLC, with clinical trials largely focusing on unselected populations. Here, we review the data concerning the major biomarkers for immunotherapy, namely, programmed death ligand 1 expression and tumour mutational burden. Furthermore, we explore other potential biomarkers, including the role of the immune microenvironment in SCLC, the role of genetic alterations, and the potential links between neurological paraneoplastic syndromes, serum anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies, and outcomes in SCLC patients treated with immunotherapy.