海南油茶种仁蛋白质提取及双向凝胶电泳-质谱初步鉴定

以海南油茶成熟种仁为试验材料,比较2种不同方法对该植物蛋白提取效率的影响,同时结合单向SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、双向凝胶电泳技术(2-DE)、质谱(MS)鉴定手段和Mascot Distiller软件进行分析。结果表明:改良后的BPP抽提法可以有效提取油茶种仁蛋白,通过Image Master 2D Platinum 5.0分析后,在凝胶图上共检测出847个蛋白点,集中分布在等电点(pI)pH 5.0～6.0、相对分子质量86～42 kDa范围内;其图谱背景清晰,蛋白点形状圆润、分辨率高、分布均匀,基本无明显拖尾现象;选取12个高分辨率的蛋白点,经质谱成功鉴定了10个,分别代表10种蛋白质,鉴定成功率达83.3%。BPP抽提法适用于后续油茶种仁的蛋白质组学分析研究。     

Improved resilience measure for component recovery priority in power grids

Given the complexity of power grids, the failure of any component may cause large-scale economic losses. Consequently, the quick recovery of power grids after disasters has become a new research direction. Considering the severity of power grid disasters, an improved power grid resilience measure and its corresponding importance measures are proposed. The recovery priority of failed components after a disaster is determined according to the influence of the failed components on the power grid resilience. Finally, based on the data from the 2019 Power Yearbook of each city in Shandong Province, China, the power grid resilience after a disaster is analyzed for two situations, namely, partial components failure and failure of all components. Result shows that the recovery priorities of components with different importance measures vary. The resilience evaluations under different repair conditions prove the feasibility of the proposed method.     

超薄二维材料光/电催化CO2还原的最新进展

能源短缺和环境污染是全人类面临的巨大挑战,对化石燃料的过度依赖使CO₂的排放量急剧增加,如何将过量的温室气体通过清洁的方式转变为燃料或其他高值化学品,已成为全球范围内的研究热点和难点。在过去几十年的研究中,通过太阳能和电化学方法来还原CO₂被证明是十分清洁有效的方法,可以有效降低全球碳足迹,实现化石资源的高效利用。近几年来,超薄二维材料（诸如水滑石、氧化物、钙钛矿等）在催化领域的卓越性能引起了人们的广泛关注,其电子结构存在更多的调变可能,并且可以通过修饰其表面,使其在更多催化反应中发挥作用。本文总结了近几年来超薄二维材料在光催化和电催化还原CO₂的前沿进展,并总结其调变规律,为设计高效光、电催化剂提供参考。     

Hierarchical mullite structures and their heat-insulation and compression–resilience properties

Near-net-shaped hierarchical structure-adjustable short mullite fibers/mullite whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by slurry-filtration and heat-treating method. The main structure of MF/MW framework was constituted by lap-jointed mullite fibers. Every single fiber in the framework was densely covered by mullite whiskers which formed through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction, and the fibers actually served as curved substrates for the mullite whiskers' growth. The lap-jointing points of the fibers were served by movable intersected mullite whiskers. Moreover, the microstructure of the frameworks could be adjusted by tailoring the raw materials mass ratio. The volume densities, the apparent porosities and the thermal conductivities of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 0.459–0.487 g/cm³, 79.7–82.8% and 0.1356–0.1965 W/k m, respectively. The compression–resilience property of the samples was tested under 0.4 MPa at room temperature. The compression ratio and resilience ratio of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 1.63–2.25% and 92.67–98.16%, respectively. The MF/MW frameworks with advanced thermal and mechanical properties were considered to be promising high-temperature heat-insulation material.     

蛭石层状膜的制备及有机溶剂纳滤性能

受全球能源形势与环境问题影响,新型膜分离技术尤其是二维层状膜在分离领域展现出广阔的应用前景。然而,目前使用的二维纳米材料化学环境相对复杂,且膜制备成本高昂,限制了其工业化推广。天然蛭石廉价易得,剥离简单,表面只含有硅羟基且其含量易于调控,可精确调控所制备层状膜层间亲疏水性,实现有机溶剂的高效渗透和极性与非极性溶剂的高效分离。研究发现：蛭石层状膜展现出优异的极性溶剂分子传递能力,而非极性溶剂则相对较低,其中乙腈分子渗透性高达1650L/（m²·h·bar)（1bar=0.1MPa）,甲苯分子渗透性仅为37.8L/（m²·h·bar),乙腈与甲苯的分离因子高达43.6,展现出优异的分子分离性能。本文所制备蛭石层状膜具有1.36nm的规则平直层间传递通道,对分子动力学直径大于层间距的结晶紫（1.5nm）、亮蓝（1.6nm）、酸性黄14（1.9nm）等染料分子的截留率均大于90%,截留性能优良。同时,蛭石层状膜具有良好的压力循环稳定性及抗污染能力, 展现出巨大的分离应用潜力。     

二维金属有机框架材料的制备及其应用

二维金属有机框架（MOFs）作为一类新型的二维多孔材料,具有厚度小、比表面积大、孔隙率高、可接触活性位点丰富等优点,在众多领域都具有研究和潜在的应用价值。本文简要综述了近年来二维MOFs的制备方法,包括“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种策略。自上而下法操作简单,有广泛的适用性;自下而上法可以通过控制实验条件在一定程度上实现对材料的可控制备。阐述了二维MOFs在电化学储能、催化、传感、气体分离等领域的应用研究。深层剖析了二维MOFs的特性对储能器件电化学性能以及反应催化活性的影响。此外,二维MOFs的高电导率和电荷转移率还促进了其在电化学传感器方面的发展;基于二维MOFs的分子筛膜也越来越受到研究人员的关注。最后指出了二维MOFs存在易团聚、厚度难以精确控制、制取成本较高、产率偏低等问题,提出了解决方案及其未来的发展方向。     

混凝土和水泥砂浆二维定位取样方法试验研究

通过研发一种混凝土和水泥砂浆二维定位取样装置,提出一种可以对混凝土和水泥砂浆进行精确二维定位取样的方法。该方法可以将混凝土和砂浆试块进行有效固定,避免取样过程中试块发生移动,通过周边加固,避免取样过程中出现开裂和崩落问题,并通过加装高分子薄板减少粉末样本流失,从而达到对混凝土和水泥砂浆进行二维精确取样的目的。     

在线超低温预浓缩-全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用系统在大气挥发性有机物监测中的应用

采用自主研制的在线超低温预浓缩设备,连续在线采集大气样品或者连续采集苏玛罐离线样品,对样品进行超低温捕集浓缩和二次超低温冷冻聚焦,采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术分离检测浓缩后的挥发性有机物,实现对大气中C2~C12共100多种挥发性有机物的浓缩富集和定性定量分析。本研究对该方法的线性、重复性、加标回收率、检出限等性能进行表征,并与常规一维气相色谱-四极杆质谱联用系统的定性定量结果进行比较。结果表明,该方法不仅满足大气中挥发性有机物检测的性能指标要求,且组分定性定量的准确性、灵敏度等指标均优于一维气相色谱-四极杆质谱联用技术,在挥发性有机物成分较复杂的大气样品检测中具有明显优势。     

混凝土结构火灾后的检测方法研究

本文通过对混凝土结构火灾后的火场温度确定分析以及不同方法检测火灾后混凝土的强度试验，系统地研究了混凝土结构在遭受火灾后的检测方法．提出了一些有效的检测手段。     

Three Points Approach (3PA) for urban flood risk management: A tool to support climate change adaptation through transdisciplinarity and multifunctionality

Urban flood risk is increasing as a consequence of climate change and growing impervious surfaces. Increasing complexity of the urban context, gradual loss of tacit knowledge and decreasing social awareness are at the same time leading to inadequate choices with respect to urban flood risk management (UFRM). The European Flood Risk Directive emphasises the need for non-structural measures aimed at urban resilience and social preparedness. The Three Points Approach (3PA) provides a structure facilitating the decision making processes dealing with UFRM. It helps to accept the complexity of the urban context and promotes transdisciplinarity and multifunctionality. The 3PA introduces three domains wherein water professionals may act and where aspects valued by different stakeholders come into play: (1) technical optimisation, dealing with standards and guidelines for urban drainage systems; (2) spatial planning, making the urban area more resilient to future changing conditions; and (3) day-to-day values, enhancing awareness, acceptance and participation among stakeholders. Based on in-depth interviews conducted in The Netherlands and Denmark, we describe the complexity of decision making in practical UFRM and explain how the 3PA can be used when organising participatory processes. We introduce a theoretical framework characterising the large range of aspects involved in decision making related to UFRM and evaluate the usefulness of the 3PA in dealing with it. We conclude that the 3PA offers water managers and operators an efficient communication tool and thinking system, which helps to reduce complexity to a level suitable when organising strategy plans for UFRM and urban adaptation to climate change.