城市街道分水口对洪水流态转换过程影响研究

随着城市化进程加快和全球气候变化加剧,城市洪涝灾害频发。研究城市街道的行洪特征,掌握城市建筑物对洪水流动的影响机理,对城市洪涝灾害治理具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文开展了城市建筑物对洪水运动影响的物理模型试验,在街道两侧布设分水口模拟建筑物不连续的分流效果,分析分水口位置及流量变化对洪水流态转化及水跃形态的影响。观测上游来流量变化、分水口位置等因素对洪水从急流向缓流过渡时的动力特征的影响,包括水跃发生位置、水跃形态转变、水跃漩滚长度、跃前和跃后水深比及分流比等。     

Occurrence patterns of alien freshwater turtles in a large urban pond ‘Archipelago’ (Rome,Italy): Suggesting hypotheses on root causes

The patterns of the occurrence and distribution of alien freshwater turtle species in an urban pond archipelago (Rome, Italy) were analysed, with the aim of exploring the role of a set of factors (type of ponds, landscape context, size area, distance from the nearest road) with a generalized linear model approach. A total of 311 ponds subdivided in three types (fountains, small basins, lakes) embedded in different landscape contexts (public parks, private parks, urban areas) at differing distances from the nearest road were sampled. Six non‐native freshwater turtle species in 31 sites were recorded (9.97%). Lakes exhibited the highest occurrence rates of alien freshwater turtles, compared to small basins and fountains. Freshwater turtle species in urbanized areas were only observed in parks (both public and private). In both the public and private parks, the lakes exhibited the highest percentage of occupied sites, with fountains being the lowest. A direct and significant relationship was observed between pond size and species richness. The distance from the nearest road did not appear to affect species richness. A first interpretation of the data from this study facilitated the postulation of two a posteriori hypotheses that should be tested, as follows: (i) the causal process of turtle release is random, and the rate of extinction (and recapture) is higher in smaller ponds, thus producing the observed pattern; and (ii) the turtle release is not random, and people actively select the ponds they consider more suitable for their pet animals. In this study, it appears the lakes were perceived by those who abandon their pets as the most ecologically suitable habitats among other pond types to accommodate the different species of turtles. Knowledge of people's attitudes in regard to releasing pet animals also might assist managers of public green spaces to develop strategies aimed to preserve local biodiversity, and to educate the public about the conservation issue represented by the alien species.     

城市慢行交通网络数据建模研究

城市慢行交通系统是现代城市交通系统的重要组成部分,随着多模式城市交通发展,建立便捷和高效的城市慢行交通网络系统成为现代城市解决交通问题和提升交通运行效率的关键措施。基于此,文中应用统一建模语言（UML）和地理标识语言（GML）建立城市慢行交通网络数据模型,提出一种统一的和一致性的交通地理要素定义和性质描述方法,并阐述基于GML的城市慢行交通网络的地理要素和关系表达。研究成果促进了城市交通地理数据的组织、表达、集成、共享和操作,对建立高效的城市慢行交通网络系统具有重要的理论价值。     

设计降雨特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响分析

降雨是城市内涝的主要诱因之一,不同降雨特征对于城市内涝风险的影响也有所区别。为了进一步挖掘降雨特征对城市内涝风险的影响,采用综合流域排水模型（InfoWorks ICM）构建了我国南方某城市的内涝模型,系统分析了设计降雨的雨型和历时特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响。在4个重现期的3种降雨雨型和3个降雨历时条件下,共计36个不同降雨情景对研究区的内涝情况进行模拟。通过对比不同模拟情景下的积水深度、积水面积以及积水量等结果发现：在相同降雨雨型和重现期条件下,降雨历时对积水深度的影响有一定的差别;在不同降雨雨型和降雨历时模拟情景中,积水点的位置基本保持一致,而积水面积受降雨雨型和降雨历时的双重影响;峰值积水量受降雨雨型影响较大,受降雨历时影响较小,而积水总量受降雨历时影响较大,受降雨雨型影响较小。研究中量化分析了不同设计降雨特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响,旨在为合理地开展城市内涝预警以及应急管理等工作提供依据。     

框架结构护岸新技术在城市河道中的应用

好溪堰河是贯穿浙江省丽水市主城区的一条千年古河道,在河道整治过程中,受制于河道周边的密集建筑物,传统的河道护岸技术均难以同时满足水利、市政、交通及景观的多元化要求。在分析其他创新河道护岸技术特点及存在问题的基础上,提出了适用于城市河道的桩柱式、框柱式两种框架结构护岸新技术,这两种护岸在维护河道周边建筑物稳定的同时,均具有不加深河床就可拓宽河道过流断面、不减少河岸用地、保持岸路畅通、改善水质及生态效果、提高亲水性等优点,在丽水好溪堰河水系整治工程中应用较为成功。     

城市异形排涝通道消能防冲新技术

该文针对感潮河段魁岐排涝二站?型复杂流道的不利冲刷问题,通过建立整体水工模型,研究城市异形排涝通道消能防冲新技术,提出导流坎、消力坎和消力墩联合消能防冲技术,探索其在宽幅水位变化、多工程交替运行及通航情况下的适应能力,并给出水力设计方法。研究表明,联合消能工对复杂工况适应良好,能有效解决异形排涝通道的消能防冲问题。     

过氧化氢处理河流着生刚毛藻的效果研究

以深圳市某河流为研究对象,分析了投加H2O2对刚毛藻生物量的控制效果及其对水体p H、溶解氧、氨氮和总磷的影响。结果表明:H2O2≥1.25 mol/L时能有效抑制刚毛藻生长,使藻类光合活性在10 min内从5.8降低到0,叶绿素浓度在30 min内从5.8 mg/L降低至0.2 mg/L。现场试验投加H2O2处理河流水体中刚毛藻14 d内,藻类生物量、光合活性和叶绿素浓度降幅均高于90%。加药1 h后,河流p H值由原来的9.21~9.74迅速降低至8.23~8.80,14 d内保持在9以下。河流溶解氧、氨氮、总磷和H2O2残留浓度在除藻过程中存在变化,但是1 d后会迅速恢复至加药前水平。投加H2O2是一种有效、无污染的应急去除河流着生刚毛藻的方法。     

城市径流总量控制指标分解及实现路径探索与实践

针对海绵城市径流总量控制目标,提出一种在城市规划体系中控制性详细规划和修建性详细规划阶段分解落实年径流总量控制率的方法。在控制性详细规划阶段分解径流总量控制指标时,分步骤先后确定各项低影响开发措施的面积率和下沉深度;在修建性详细规划阶段,配合径流总量控制指标分解结果,给出适宜的各项低影响开发措施的技术实施导则,以保证各单项指标的正确实施,并以某项目为例介绍了技术实施导则的构建方法。