Phenolic compounds from vacuum pyrolysis of wood wastes

Various softwood and hardwood bark residues, primary sludges and softwood sawdust residues were processed by vacuum pyrolysis in a laboratory scale batch reactor. The pyrolysis oil, water, charcoal, and gas were recovered and analyzed. The pyrolysis oils were analyzed in details for their content in phenolic compounds after derivatization to their acetyl derivatives. The influence of temperature, heating rate, feedstock bed thickness, particle size and feedstock water pretreatment on the yield of phenols was investigated. The highest yield of phenols was obtained when hardwood bark was soaked in water for 48 hours and pyrolyzed at a temperature of 450°C and a heating rate of 10°C/min. Pyrolysis performance was evaluated in terms of total phenolic yield and composition.     

常减压蒸馏装置中和缓蚀剂的研制

针对炼油厂常减压塔塔顶冷凝系统现存的腐蚀问题,研制出以有机胺、咪唑啉衍生物为主要组分复配而成的新型中和缓蚀剂。通过模拟蒸馏实验表明:液相部位的缓蚀率达到99%以上,在初馏区露点部位的缓蚀率达到98%以上该中和缓蚀剂性能优良。     

Effect of different oxygen species originating from the dissociation of O2, N2O and NO on the selectivity of the Pt-catalysed NH3 oxidation

An effect of oxygen species formed from O₂, N₂O and NO on the selectivity of the catalytic oxidation of ammonia was studied over a polycrystalline Pt catalyst using the temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor. The transient experiments were performed in the temperature range between 773 and 1073 K in a sequential pulse mode with a time interval of 0.2 s between the pulses of the oxidant (O₂, N₂O and NO) and NH₃. In contrast to adsorbed oxygen species formed from NO, those from O₂ and N₂O reacted with ammonia yielding NO. It is suggested that the difference between these oxidising agents may be related to the different active sites for dissociation of O₂, N₂O and NO, where oxygen species of various Pt-O strength are formed. Weaker bound oxygen species, which are active for NO formation, originate from O₂ and N₂O rather than from NO. These species may be of bi-atomic nature.     

玉米热风和真空干燥特性与干燥模型分析

通过对初始含水率分别为28.8%、24.8%和19.9%的玉米进行热风和真空干燥,研究了热风及真空干燥条件下玉米的干燥特性和模型.结果表明:玉米初始含水率越高,同温度下平均干燥速率越大,且真空干燥平均干燥速率大于热风干燥平均干燥速率;热风和真空干燥在干燥的前20 min干燥速率出现最大值;干燥过程中无明显的恒速干燥段,玉米干燥的数学模型符合Page方程.     

起始水力梯度对真空预压下砂井地基固结过程的影响

针对粘土中孔隙水渗流存在起始水力梯度的现象,将考虑起始水力梯度的非Darcy渗流方程引入传统的砂井固结理论对其进行修正,并给出了真空预压下砂井地基固结近似解。探讨起始水力梯度对真空预压下砂井地基固结过程的影响,包括渗流前锋面的运动规律、孔隙水压力的分布变化规律和平均固结度的变化规律。结果表明,由于存在起始水力梯度,会延缓真空压力的传播,进而影响孔隙水的渗流和整个土层的固结速度。起始水力梯度越大,滞后现象越明显。此外,起始水力梯度的存在将使平均孔隙水压力逐渐趋于某一稳定值,但无法达到真空压力,所以最终平均固结度将小于100%,且其值随起始水力梯度的增大而减小。     

太阳能集热器及其适用性浅析

对目前常用的平板型、全玻璃真空管及热管式真空管等太阳能集热器的优缺点进行了介绍,并对各种太阳能集热器进行了综合评价,对其在太阳能热水供应、太阳能采暖和太阳能空调系统中的适用性进行了分析,为太阳能集热器的选择提供了参考.     

木制品真空浸蜡实验研究

主要对在真空的条件下用液蜡作浸溃液、做木块被浸溃物的真空浸溃实验过程作了详细的介绍,分别介绍实验前的准备,实验中的现象及注意事项,试验结论等。然后说明在真空条件下的浸渍质量优于常规浸渍的质量,并得到一些浸渍质量与真空度和浸渍时间的定量关系,从而给出研究高质量浸渍结果的实验方法。     

真空烧结温度对多孔钛影响的研究

以碳酸氢铵做造孔剂,采用真空烧结法制备出生物多孔钛．研究了烧结温度对多孔钛显微形貌、显气孔率、抗压强度的影响．研究表明,提高烧结温度,有利于Ti晶体的发育,并提高制品抗压强度．     

疏浚泥处理方法综述

港口航道清淤及河流湖泊生态疏浚都会产生大量的疏浚泥,论文介绍了目前处理疏浚泥的各种方法,包括海洋倾倒处理法、排水处理法、固化处理法、加热处理法、真空电渗及动力挤密联合处理法,并分析了其特点。海洋倾倒处理法简单方便,但给海洋生态环境带来负面影响。排水处理法可以降低疏浚泥的含水量,但不能去除其中的污染物,会对环境造成二次污染。固化处理法在固化疏浚泥的同时减缓了污染物的溶出速率,可减小对周围环境的二次污染。加热处理法将疏浚泥脱水,转化成建筑材料,可以实现疏浚泥的再生资源化,但处理大规模疏浚泥的能力不足。真空电渗及动力挤密联合处理法可快速、高效地排出疏浚泥中的大量水分和污染物,且造价低廉,具有广阔的应用前景和较大的推广价值。     

俄罗斯减压渣油超临界萃取残渣的催化加氢反应研究

以高压反应釜为反应器、环己烷为溶剂,选用分子筛、金属及舍金3大类共6种催化剂,对俄罗斯减压渣油超临界萃取所得残渣的非催化及催化加氢反应进行研究。结果表明,采用NKF-β型和Y型分子筛作为催化剂,残渣加氢反应产物中芳烃的相对含量超过55％;采用金属Fe、Ni以及合金Co—Fe、Pd—C作为催化剂,残渣加氢反应产物中正构烷烃的相对含量超过70％;除采用Fe和Pd—C作为催化剂的残渣加氢反应产物之外,在其他各组产物中均检测到少量含氧化合物,而在以NKF-β型分子筛作为催化剂的加氢反应产物中还检测出含氮化合物。针对各组加氢反应产物中化合物相对含量的差异,推测了残渣在不同类型催化剂作用下可能存在的反应途径。