Blends of natural rubber and polyurethane latices studied by 1H wideline and 13C MAS solid‐state NMR

¹H wideline and ¹³C magic‐angle spinning NMR have been used to study the morphology and dynamics of latex‐cast and solution‐cast film blends of natural rubber (NR) and a polyurethane (PU) based on poly(?‐caprolactone) diol and isophorone di‐isocyanate. ¹H T₁ and T_1ρ relaxation times have been measured, and the extent of interpenetration of the NR and PU constituents has been monitored using the Goldman–Shen technique. The NMR spectra and relaxation properties indicated that the NR and PI constituents largely occupy separated domains on a distance scale of >10 nm. The Goldman–Shen experiments indicated that there was slightly greater contact between NR and PU in the solution‐cast samples than in the latex‐cast. The tensile properties of the films have been measured. The tensile strength and initial Young's modulus pass through a maximum at a PU content of about 50 wt%. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mechanical property and morphology comparison between the two blends poly(propylene)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer elastomer and poly(propylene)/maleic anhydride‐g‐ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer

The comparison of the mechanical properties between poly(propylene)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer elastomer (PP/EPDM) and poly(propylene)/maleic anhydride‐g‐ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer [PP/MEPDM (MAH‐g‐EPDM)] showed that the latter blend has noticeably higher Izod impact strength but lower Young's modulus than the former one. Phase morphology of the two blends was examined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, indicating that the miscibility of PP/MEPDM was inferior to PP/EPDM. The poor miscibility of PP/MEPDM degrades the nucleation effectiveness of the elastomer on PP. The observations of the impact fracture mode of the two blends and the dispersion state of the elastomers, determined by scanning electron microscopy, showed that PP/EPDM fractured in a brittle mode, whereas PP/MEPDM in a ductile one, and that a finer dispersion of MEPDM was found in the blend PP/MEPDM. These observations indicate that the difference in the dispersion state of elastomer between PP/EPDM and PP/MEPDM results in different fracture modes, and thereby affects the toughness of the two blends. The finer dispersion of MEPDM in the blend of PP/MEPDM was attributed to the part cross‐linking of MEPDM resulting from the grafting reaction of EPDM with maleic anhydride (MAH) in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2486–2491, 2002     

Structure and electrical properties of Nd2O3-doped 0.82Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.18Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 ceramics

Nd₂O₃ doped 0.82Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃–0.18Bi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃ (abbreviated to BNKT) binary lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by the conventional mixed-oxide method. The results show that the BNKT ceramics with 0–0.15 wt.% Nd₂O₃ doping possesses a single perovskite phase with rhombohedral structure. The grain size of BNKT decreased with the addition of Nd₂O₃ dopant. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant ?_r revealed that there were two-phase transitions from ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric and anti-ferroelectric to paraelectric. A diffuse character was proved by linear fitting of the modified Curie–Weiss law. At room temperature, the specimens containing 0.0125 wt.% Nd₂O₃ with homogeneous microstructure presented excellent electrical properties: the piezoelectric constant d₃₃ = 134 pC/N, the electromechanical coupling factor K_p = 0.27, and the dielectric constant ?_r = 925 (1 kHz).     

State of health estimation of lithium‐ion batteries: A multiscale Gaussian process regression modeling approach

Accurate state of health (SOH) estimation in lithium‐ion batteries, which plays a significant role not only in state of charge (SOC) estimation but also in remaining useful life (RUL) prognostics is studied. SOC estimation and RUL prognostics often require one‐step‐ahead and long‐term SOH prediction, respectively. A systematic multiscale Gaussian process regression (GPR) modeling method is proposed to tackle accurate SOH estimation problems. Wavelet analysis method is utilized to decouple global degradation, local regeneration and fluctuations in SOH time series. GPR with the inclusion of time index is utilized to fit the extracted global degradation trend, and GPR with the input of lag vector is designed to recursively predict local regeneration and fluctuations. The proposed method is validated through experimental data from lithium‐ion batteries degradation test. Both one‐step‐ahead and multi‐step‐ahead SOH prediction performances are thoroughly evaluated. The satisfactory results illustrate that the proposed method outperform GPR models without trend extraction. It is thus indicated that the proposed multiscale GPR modeling method can not only be greatly helpful to both RUL prognostics and SOC estimation for lithium‐ion batteries, but also provide a general promising approach to tackle complex time series prediction in health management systems. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1589–1600, 2015     

Structural study of mullite based ceramics derived from a mica-rich kaolin waste

Mullite-based ceramics have been synthesized by reactive sintering of a mixture containing kaolin and a mica-rich kaolin waste. Samples fired in the temperature range from 1300 to 1500 °C were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The quantitative phase analysis and unit cell parameters of the mullite were determined by Rietveld refinement analysis of the XRD data. Mullite-based ceramics with 1.2 wt% quartz, 56.3 wt% glass (amorphous phase), 2.64 g/cm³ of apparent density, and 35±1.2 MPa of flexural strength were obtained after firing at 1500 °C. A liquid phase sintering mechanism activated by a total mica content of 13.3 wt% allowed to increase the mullite content to 47.6 wt% (2.3 wt% quartz and 50.1 wt% glass phase) and improve the flexural strength (70±3.9 MPa) after firing at 1400 °C.     

用BENDER状态方程计算N_2—Ar—O_2体系的热力学参数

Ｂｅｎｄｅｒ状态方程可用于Ｎ_２—Ａｒ—Ｏ_２三元体系，进行热力学性质计算精度较高．本文根据Ｂｅｎｄｅｒ方程推导出焓、熵、比热等热力学参数的计算公式，对Ｎ_２、Ａｒ、Ｏ_２及其混合物进行计算，并与实验数据进行比较，结果令人满意．     

酞菁铜衍生物LB膜／N－Si光伏电池的反常二极管整流效应

从表面态和材料电阻率的角度分析了酞菁铜衍生物ＬＢ膜光伏电池的反常整流效应，讨论了该效应与光生电流的关系，并介绍了消除反常现象提高光生电流的实验方法。     

In_2W_3O_(12)陶瓷的相变特性及其负热膨胀性能(英文)

以分析纯In2O3和WO3为原料,采用固相反应法制备In2W3O12陶瓷。利用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪、差示扫描量热仪和热机械分析仪对样品的物相组成、微观结构、相变和热膨胀特性进行了表征。结果表明:在900℃烧结6h可制备出纯的单斜相In2W3O12陶瓷,In2W3O12陶瓷断面晶粒均匀,平均尺寸为4～6μm。In2W3O12陶瓷在253.34℃发生单斜相到斜方相的相转变,单斜相的In2W3O12陶瓷显示正热膨胀,在27～249℃,其平均热膨胀系数为16.51×10-6℃-1,斜方相的In2W3O12陶瓷显示负热膨胀,在273～700℃,其平均热膨胀系数为-3.00×10-6℃-1。     

Study of poly(vinyl chloride) blends with solid‐state chlorinated polyethylene

The influence of solid‐state chlorinated polyethylene of various chlorine content and residual crystallinity on the mechanical properties of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) has been studied. The impact strength of poly(vinyl chloride) was found to increase significantly as 10–20 mass% chlorinated polyethylene, containing from 10.2 to 27.3% chlorine content (preferably 21.8% Cl) were added. This dependence corresponded to the higher elasticity and impact strength of the solid‐state chlorinated polyethylene with chlorine content below 30% as well as the microstructure of its chlorinated block fragments. Multicomponent system of high impact strength and good flowability, consisting of poly(vinyl chloride), chlorinated polyethylene, hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene, and ethylene–propylene–ethylidenenorbornene terpolymer was also obtained. Regardless of the incompatibility between the polymer components of this blend, the similarity in the chemical nature of poly(vinyl chloride) and chlorinated polyethylene blocks on one hand, and the methylene sequences in the chlorinated polyethylene and elastomers on the other, resulted in the formation of an efficient interfacial layer. The changes in the structure of the blends were established by both calorimetric and microscopic studies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2602–2613, 2006     

Plasma‐induced solid‐state polymerization modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membrane for pervaporation separation of aqueous alcohol mixtures

Acrylamide (AAm) solid state polymerization was induced using argon plasma to improve the pervaporation performance of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membranes (PTFE‐g‐PAAm) in aqueous alcohol mixtures. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and hydrophilicity changes in the PTFE and PTFE‐g‐PAAm membranes were investigated using ATR‐FTIR, SEM, AFM, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurements. The surface hydrophilicity rapidly increased with increasing Ar exposure time, but decreased after longer Ar exposure time because of the degradation in the PTFE‐g‐PAAm membrane grafted layer. Compared with the hydrophilicity of the pristine PTFE membrane (water contact angle = 120°), the argon plasma induced acrylamide (AAm) solid‐state polymerization onto the PTFE surface (water contact angle = 43.3°) and effectively improved the hydrophilicity of the PTFE membrane. This value increases slowly with increasing aging time and then reaches a plateau value of about 50° after 10 days of storage under air. The pervaporation separation performances of the PTFE‐g‐PAAm membranes were higher than that of the pristine PTFE membrane. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:909–919, 2006