How to accelerate green technology diffusion? Directed technological change in the presence of coevolving absorptive capacity

The time window for effective climate change mitigation is closing. Technological change needs to be accelerated to limit global warming to a manageable level. Path dependence of technological change is one explanation for sluggish diffusion of green technologies. Firms acquire capital that differs by technology type and build up type-specific technological know-how needed to use capital efficiently. Path dependence emerges from cumulative knowledge stocks manifested in the productivity of supplied capital and firms’ capabilities. Increasing returns arise from induced innovation feedbacks and learning by doing. Relatively lower endowments with technological knowledge are a barrier to diffusion for new technologies. This paper shows how the evolution of relative stocks of technological knowledge explains different shapes of diffusion curves. Using an eco-technology extension of the macroeconomic agent-based model Eurace@unibi, it is shown how the effectiveness of different climate policies depends on the type and strength of diffusion barriers. Environmental taxes can outweigh lower productivity and subsidies perform better if lacking capabilities hinder firms to adopt a sufficiently mature technology.     

Stability and thermophysical properties of fly ash nanofluid for heat transfer applications

Improving the performance of heat transfer fluids is altogether significant. The best approach for improving the thermal conductivity is the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid. In the present study, specific heat, dynamic viscosity, and thermal conductivity of water-based Indian coal fly ash stable nanofluid for 0.1% to 0.5% volume concentration in the temperature range of 30 to 60°C has been investigated. To evaluate an average particle diameter of 11.5 nm, the fly ash nanoparticles were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Using zeta potential, the stability of nanofluid in the presence of surfactant Triton X-100 was tested. Thermal conductivity and viscosity of fly ash nanofluid increased, while specific heat decreased as volume concentration increased. The effect of temperature on the fly ash nanofluid was directly proportional to its thermal conductivity and specific heat and inversely proportional to viscosity.     

Lake Chivero: A management case study

Lake Chivero in Zimbabwe was shown to be hypereutrophic. Historical data showed that the eutrophication process had been arrested in the late 1970s. However, a combination of poor planning, multiplicity of jurisdiction, mismatch between rate of urbanization and waste management investment, recent changes in the local climate and a permissive, immature political system that called for no public accountability resulted in environmental management breakdown leading to hypereutrophication of the lake. The case of Lake Chivero is presented as an example of a wider global issue regarding the status of environmental management in competition with other priorities in emerging democracies.     

综合高速效应的凝析气藏流入动态

当井底压力低于露点压力时,凝析液在近井地带开始析出并不断聚集产生凝析油堵塞现象。因此,在制定凝析气井工作制度时,通常以控制生产压差为指导思想,往往忽略高速流动下凝析气液相变的非平衡特征。对于凝析气体系,当外界温压变化速度超过凝析气液的相平衡速度时,凝析气体系相变滞后,开始呈现非平衡特征,即凝析液的析出量随着压降速度的增加而减小。凝析气在向井筒流动的过程中,近井区高速流动使凝析气产生非平衡相变,凝析气在比较高的压降速度下流入井筒,使得凝析液来不及析出。在分析非平衡相变规律与近井地带凝析气渗流参数分布的基础上,评价凝析气液流动过程中的非平衡特征,给出了考虑非平衡相变的凝析液饱和度分布计算公式,并进行了产能预测结果对比。实例分析表明,可以通过适当放大生产压差,增加凝析气液相变非平衡特征,减小井筒附近的凝析液饱和度,提高气井产能与气藏开发效果。     

流变仪在覆铜板工序中的应用

本文简要叙述利用流变仪对覆铜箔层压板生产工序中的胶液和半固化片参数进行控制,从而更好地保证胶液和 半固化片性状的一致性,以有利于控制板材流胶和品质。     

Simultaneous Measurement of Viscosity and Density with an Oscillating-Disk Instrument: The Effect of Fixed Plates

The period and damping of the free motion of a body oscillating in a fluid depend on the fluid's viscosity and density. Commonly, a working equation which expresses the damping as a function of the viscosity and density is solved for the viscosity, the damping being measured and the density being treated as an independently supplied parameter. Another working equation exists for the period, and, in general, the period depends on a combination of the viscosity and the density which is linearly independent of the combination that appears in the damping equation. It is, therefore, in principle, possible to determine both the viscosity and the density by a simultaneous solution of the two coupled working equations, since the period also is measured. In this paper, the working equations that describe the oscillating-disk viscometer are reviewed and their simultaneous solution is considered. The effect of fixed plates symmetrically located above and below the oscillating disk is of specific interest. The paper's main result is that fixed plates can dramatically increase the independence of the damping and period working equations, so that it becomes indeed feasible to determine the viscosity and the density of a fluid simultaneously from the damping and period of oscillating motion. A price is paid, however, because the instrument's working equations when plates are present have multiple solutions. Under special conditions, these multiple solutions can coalesce, and then one can only deduce the viscosity from the damping equation if the density is known a priori.     

摩擦换向抽油机悬点运动分析计算

摩擦换向抽油机采用开关磁阻电动机或变频调速电动机,其特点是可以频繁双向旋转,带动摩擦轮正反转,实现光杆的上行下行。该抽油机运动特点与游梁式抽油机运动特点有较大区别,文章分析了摩擦换向抽油机的运动特点,给出了该机悬点位移、速度、加速度的计算方法。     

Inhibition of radical polymerization in solvent‐based systems (security of solvent‐based radical polymerization of PSA‐acrylic in a plant reactor)

This article shows the influence of some chain‐transfer agents as inhibitors for acrylic solvent‐based polymerization. These chain‐transfer agents can offer significant advantages, as outlined below. The following chain‐transfer agents were studied to stop or slow down the polymerization process in the case of a runaway: n‐dodecyl mercaptan, trimethylolpropane‐trimercaptoacetate, phenothiazine, diphenylphenylen diamine, cuprum oxide, isopropanol, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride. Synthesized pressure‐sensitive adhesive based on acrylic polymers and containing 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, and acrylic acid were used for the production of self‐adhesives with high cohesion. The polymerization was accomplished in ethyl acetate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1354–1357, 2003     

Expanding the analytical potential of channel locational probability maps using cellular statistics

The planimetric shifts in channel location of large alluvial rivers are a critical component in the creation of diverse structures and functions in riverine habitats. Engineered management schemes must also compensate for this type of channel change to protect resources and maintain navigation channels. The stability of the Lower Mississippi River channel was assessed through an analysis of historical records of channel position produced and archived by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Channel location was recorded for the years 1765, 1820, 1881, 1915, 1930, 1937, 1960 and 1970. Channel stability was measured by two introduced metrics on a cell‐by‐cell basis: (1) the standard deviation of Euclidean distance to a channel cell for the entire period of record, and (2) the rate of Euclidean distance change between years in the period of record. At a coarse spatial scale, channel instability increased in the downstream direction. The variability of channel stability also increased in the downstream direction. Analysis of this variability identified alternating areas of high and low stability occurring with greater frequency as distance downstream increased. These findings are validated by past studies of channel stability along the Lower Mississippi River. As a result, the proposed metrics provide a consistent, quantitative, efficient and cost‐effective means of identifying areas of channel instability at several spatial scales. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

井下乳化/水热催化裂解复合降黏开采稠油技术研究

实验考察了胜利孤东稠油井下催化水热裂解和乳化/催化水热裂解降黏效果。所用催化剂为水溶性铁镍钒体系,Fe3+∶Ni2+∶VO4+=5∶1∶1,100 g稠油与30 g 0.5%催化剂水溶液在240℃反应24小时。原始黏度(50℃)11.0和8.36 Pa.s的两种稠油裂解并静置除水后,黏度降低76.2%和75.6%,室温放置60天后降黏率下降小于3个百分点,气相色谱显示裂解后轻组分明显增加,红外光谱显示稠油组分发生脱羧反应且芳环数减少。讨论了稠油催化水热裂解反应机理。所用化学助剂JN-A在油水中均可溶,耐温达250℃,耐矿化度达50 g/L,其水溶液以30∶100的质量比与稠油混合时形成低黏度的O/W乳状液。当水相含1.0%JN-A和0.5%催化剂时,两种稠油水热裂解后的反应混合物为O/W乳状液,黏度仅为319和309 mPa.s,静置除水后的稠油降黏率增加到86.5%和87.3%,其中的轻组分含量进一步增加。该井下乳化/催化水热裂解复合降黏法成功地用于孤东两口蒸汽吞吐井,稠油井作业后初期采出的原油黏度由~9 Pa.s降低到1 Pa.s左右,随采油时间延长而逐渐升高,约50天后超过4Pa.s。图2表6参5。