挤出处理对玉米面团物性的影响

利用单螺杆挤出机对玉米粉进行改性处理,以玉米面团弹性值为考察指标,在单因素试验基础上采用响应面法研究挤出温度、物料加水量、物料粒度对改性玉米粉面团物性的影响。结果表明:挤出温度150℃、物料含水量43%、物料粒度0.246mm条件下挤出处理后,玉米面团硬度3037.697,黏度-2.162,弹性0.136,内聚性0.259,胶黏性769.195,耐咀性98.484,恢复性0.075,此时面团物性最好,可用于弹性面团食品的加工。     

Irreversible Fouling in MF/UF Membranes Caused by Natural Organic Matters (NOMs) Isolated from Different Origins

Abstract

For more efficient use of membrane technology in water treatment, it is essential to understand more about the fouling that requires chemical cleaning to be eliminated (i.e., irreversible fouling). In this study, five different MF/UF membranes and four types of organic matter collected from different origins were examined in terms of the degree of irreversible membrane fouling. Experimental results demonstrated that the extent of irreversible fouling differed significantly depending on the properties of both the membrane and organic matter. Among the tested membranes, UF membranes made of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) exhibited the best performance in terms of prevention of irreversible fouling. In contrast, MF membranes, especially one made of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), suffered significant irreversible fouling. Conventional methods for characterization of organic matter such as specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA), XAD fractionation, and excitation‐emission matrix (EEM) were found to be inadequate for prediction of the degree of irreversible fouling. This is because these analytical methods represent an average property of bulk organic matter, while the fouling was actually caused by some specific fractions. It was revealed that hydrophilic fraction of the organic matter was responsible for the irreversible fouling regardless of the type of membranes or organic matter.     

DISTRIBUTION AND ISOMERIZATION OF TERPANES IN PYROLYZATES OF LIGNITE AT HIGH PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES

Experimental pyrolysis of Eocene lignite in the presence of water was conducted in a closed system for a heating duration of 120 min at temperatures of 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C and pressures of 1 to 3 GPa (equivalent to burial depths of about 30 to 100 km). The distribution of terpanes in the resulting pyrolysates was analyzed in order to investigate the effects of pressure and temperature on maturation of organic matter for this heating time at mantle depths. The results indicate that terpanes show more mature characteristics with increasing temperature at a given pressure. However, high pressures significantly retarded the thermal evolution of organic matter. Also, high pressures had a non‐linear effect on maturation, resulting in anomalous variations of maturity parameters and ratios (tricyclics / hopanes, Ts/Tm, C₃₁22S / (22S+22R), and βα‐moretane /αβ‐hopanes). In addition, the isomerization of hopanes at the C‐22 position did not reach typical end‐point values, even at 700°C. These results are a preliminary step towards a better understanding of organic matter maturation and oil and gas exploration in high temperature and pressure regimes.     

低黏度离子液体的合成、表征及性能研究

合成了两种以二氰胺根为阴离子的低黏度离子液体1-羟乙基-3-甲基咪唑二氰胺盐和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑二氰胺盐,采用~1H NMR,FTIR,ESI-MS方法对其结构进行了表征。对两种离子液体的密度、黏度、溶解性、熔点和热稳定性等物化性质及热力学性质进行了考察,初步探讨了它们吸收CO_2的性能,并与实验室常用的离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Bmim][BF_4])进行了对比。实验结果表明,二氰胺根的引入可降低离子液体的黏度,在阳离子上引入羟基可增加离子液体的水溶性,两种离子液体吸收CO_2的性能均优于[Bmim][BF_4]。该研究结果为进一步探讨低黏度离子液体在CO_2捕集中的应用提供了基础数据。     

泥质烃源岩中粘土矿物结合有机质热演化的红外发射光谱研究

选取济阳坳陷古近系渐新统沙河街组泥质烃源岩,进行小于2μm的粘土组分提取,运用红外发射光谱技术研究粘土矿物结合有机质的热演化过程和有机-粘土相互作用对有机质热演化过程的影响.结果显示,代表脂肪链结构的甲基、亚甲基振动吸收峰随着温度的升高,强度逐渐降低,烷基链由于受到粘土保护而晚于支链分解;代表芳香结构的芳环的振动吸收峰强度变化较为复杂,798,779,750cm-1等峰随温度升高而减弱,而1600cm-1和3030cm-1峰则在200℃左右才出现并不断增强,随后慢慢减弱,且芳香度指数一直增加,显示出明显的芳构化过程.同时,粘土矿物层间水合阳离子通过"水桥"机制将含羧基的有机分子结合起来,对其演化有抑制作用.红外发射光谱研究揭示出粘土矿物结合的有机质主要通过脂肪族化合物的芳构化转化实现生烃的演化特征,是烃源岩热演化研究的有效手段.      

太湖水体悬浮颗粒物生物光学模型及MERIS数据反演

根据太湖悬浮颗粒物生物光学特性建立的悬浮颗粒物红外单波段生物光学模型具有明确的机理性.利用2006年至2009年野外实测悬浮颗粒物浓度和水体光学数据对该生物光学模型进行检验和分析.结果表明,悬浮颗粒物比后向散射系数的时空差异是影响总悬浮颗粒物生物光学模型精度的主要因素.总悬浮颗粒物在红外波长的吸收系数对总悬浮颗粒物生物光学模型精度也具有显著的影响.根据中分辨率光谱成像仪(MERIS)悬浮颗粒物 反演结果和野外实测风速数据,太湖沉积物再悬浮将显著增加水体中悬浮颗粒物的含量.     

乳化稠油堵水技术在高温高盐油藏中的应用

以塔河油田为例,对乳化稠油堵水技术在高温高盐油藏中的应用进行了研究。使用非离子与阴离子乳化剂复配体系,且添加固体粉末提高乳状液黏度和稳定性,筛选出最佳乳化体系:3%CI-18+1%C22SC+4%沥青粉。结果表明,该乳化体系配制的W/O乳状液具有黏度高、耐温抗盐能力强且热稳定性高。物理模拟实验表明,该乳化稠油堵剂具有较好的堵水性能和耐冲刷性能。     

压裂液缝内黏滞阻力实验研究

国外研究表明,压裂液的缝内黏滞阻力对气产量影响较大,即使只有0．0030kPa的黏滞阻力．也会在一定程度上降低气产量。文中采用支撑剂导流能力测定装置,自创了一套压裂液黏滞阻力的实验测定方法。通过系列实验得知：相同砂比、铺砂浓度备件下,高质量分数瓜胶压裂液的缝内黏滞阻力大于低质量分数瓜胶压裂液：同一套压裂液体系．低砂比段的缝内黏滞阻力大于高砂比段。因此,缝内黏滞阻力造成的支撑缝失效位置主要分布在低砂比段。另外．加入纤维有利于降低压裂液的缝内黏滞阻力。该研究成果为定量研究压裂液在支撑裂缝内的黏滞阻力提供了一套独特、可行的实验方法．在国内少有先例。     

生物粉末活性炭/超滤组合工艺处理微污染原水

针对微污染原水中存在的有机物和氨氮等污染物,采用生物粉末活性炭/超滤(BPAC/UF)组合工艺进行处理。结果表明,当进水氨氮浓度较低时,硝化细菌活性较差,无法充分发挥生物降解作用,氨氮去除率较低,同时有机物去除率也较低;当进水氨氮浓度在0. 6 mg/L左右时,可以形成稳定的生物活性炭,组合工艺对氨氮的去除率较高,且对有机物的去除率较为稳定。进水中主要以分子质量<5 ku的有机物为主,组合工艺对这部分有机物的去除率也最高。组合工艺对疏水性物质的去除,主要依靠生物粉末活性炭的吸附降解和膜面滤饼层的截留作用。NaClO强化反冲洗可以很好地降低跨膜压差的增长速度,当NaClO浓度为400 mg/L、反冲洗时间为10min时可达到最佳清洗效果。     

臭氧/氯消毒中藻类有机物生成消毒副产物的特征

饮用水源地藻华会释放大量藻类有机物(AOM),AOM与氯消毒剂反应生成的消毒副产物(DBPs)会给饮用水用户带来不容忽视的健康风险。为此,探究了臭氧/氯消毒对AOM结构和DBPs生成的影响。结果表明,臭氧氧化能有效去除AOM中芳香蛋白和酚类、叶绿素a、藻蓝蛋白结构物质,但是对腐殖酸类结构的去除效果相对较差。DBPs生成总量随臭氧投加浓度的升高而增加,其中主要是三氯甲烷(TCM);卤代乙腈和卤代酮的生成总量随臭氧投加浓度的变化趋势不明显。延长臭氧接触时间会明显增加1 h氯化中TCM的生成量,氯化24 h时DBPs生成总量与臭氧接触时间无关。在臭氧/氯消毒过程中,AOM的DBPs生成潜能低于天然有机物(NOM)。AOM有利于一溴一氯乙腈的生成,而NOM会生成更多的二氯乙腈。