Comparison of soil moisture at different depths for drought monitoring based on improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index

To better understand the characteristics and mechanisms of droughts at different drought stages, this study selected the Xiangjiang River Basin in China as the study area, and evaluated soil moisture (SM) at different depths for drought monitoring, through SM data simulated with the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model. To solve the problem of unreasonable drought/wetness classifications based on the soil moisture anomaly percentage index (SMAPI), an improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index (ISMAPI) was developed by introducing the Box–Cox transformation. The drought/wetness frequency generated by ISMAPI demonstrated preferable spatial comparability in comparison with those from SMAPI. The lag time of ISMAPI relative to the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index was closely related to soil depth, and was characterized by a fast response in shallow soil layers and a relatively slow response in deep soil layers. SM in shallow soil layers provided a measure for monitoring short-term droughts, whereas SM in deep soil layers provided a better measure for long-term persistent drought events. Furthermore, the occurrence and mitigation time of drought events identified by SM in deep soil layers usually lagged behind that identified by SM in shallow soil layers. Compared with deep SM, SM in shallow soil layers responded faster to meteorological anomalies, thereby resulting in shorter periods of SM persistence in shallow soil layers than in deep soil layers. This can explain the differences of SM at different depths in drought monitoring.     

水源涵养内涵及估算方法综述

水源涵养和生态系统过程与人类生产生活紧密相关,深入研究水源涵养对维持生态系统健康和人类社会可持续发展至关重要,对促进人与水和谐共生具有指导意义。随着对水源涵养研究与应用的深入,水源涵养内涵逐渐丰富,评估方法愈加多样,但以往的研究中水源涵养定义模糊,缺乏对各种评估方法的综合性对比分析,因此急需明确界定水源涵养内涵,分析各种估算方法的适用性。采用文献分析法系统梳理水源涵养研究历程,将其划分为认识与萌芽期、理论发展期、定量计算和模型综合评估等4个阶段;从定义、水量与功能等3个方面明确界定水源涵养内涵,从原理、时空尺度、适用范围及优缺点方面对已有水源涵养量估算方法进行对比和分析,并展望水源涵养研究的未来发展方向。     

以地形为基础的HSC产流模型在辽西半干旱丘陵流域的适用性

采用以地形为基础的HSC产流模型(HAND-based storage capacity curve),以典型半干旱丘陵区的辽宁省叶柏寿流域为研究区,检验模拟效果。在只改变产流模块的情况下,把HSC线型同HBV(hydrologiska byrans vattenbalansavedlning)模型的beta函数、新安江模型的蓄水容量曲线、基于雨强阈值的超渗模型进行比较后发现,在进行长时间序列模拟时,极端高洪峰流量过程对径流的模拟结果有很强的影响。传统模型依赖参数率定,普遍存在参数过拟合现象,即为了提高洪峰流量模拟精度,导致优化的产流参数严重背离物理意义和假设。研究提出的产流模型基于HSC线型并耦合根系区蓄水容量反演的MCT方法,参数物理意义明确且无需率定,可避免传统模型存在的为提高对少数洪峰流量的模拟精度而产生的参数过拟合现象,因此在率定期和验证期其洪水模拟精度表现更为可靠和稳定。     

典型LID措施对城市降雨径流过程影响

为探讨海绵城市建设中低影响开发(low impact development,LID)措施对城市降雨径流的影响,以深圳市光明区某居民小区为研究对象,通过建立区域SWMM模型,分析不同LID措施及其组合对城市雨洪过程的影响。利用研究区几场典型的降雨径流数据对模型校核验证,结果表明：构建的SWMM模型可以较好地模拟研究区降雨径流过程,纳什效率系数为0.868,峰值流量相对误差0.186,模型模拟效果较好;LID对径流峰值和总量都有削减作用,并在一定程度上延缓峰现时间,且LID布设面积越大,LID对径流的削减效果越明显;组合布设方案对径流的调控效果优于单独布设方案,单独布设方案中径流量削减效果最好的是透水铺装,峰值流量调控效果最好的是绿色屋顶,下沉式绿地的径流调控效果在三者中最差。因此,LID布设结构以及布设面积均对城市降雨径流产生影响,合理布设LID在一定程度上可以有效缓解城市内涝。     

基于关键闸坝优选的区域水网水量调控

为实现区域水网水量的高效调控,从水量、水生态、水质和闸坝管理等4个方面构建包含10个指标的闸坝优选评价指标体系,以廊坊市凤河-永定河区域水网为研究对象,计算区域内32座闸坝的综合关键指数并给出影响程度排序,采用水动力数学模型验证关键闸坝选取的合理性。结果表明：优选出的永丰闸和东张务闸是区域水网的关键闸坝,通过调节这两座闸坝的开度即可满足区域水网的生态需水和防洪排涝调度目标,保持区域水网较优的水力连通能力,提高区域水网水量调控效率。     

妫水河入官厅水库水污染成因及减排措施评估

为保障妫水河入官厅水库入流水质达标,分析水质成因,分步制订水质改善措施。采用MIKE21耦合植物作用的Ecolab生态水质模型,对妫水河下游入官厅水库断面至东大桥断面、支流三里河水域进行模拟。通过对丰水期和枯水期监测数据及模拟结果进行分析,流域上游来流水量及水质、区间污染源及河流湿地等自净作用是影响官厅水库入流水质的主要原因,其中:妫水河入流污染负荷对水库入流水质贡献率最大,丰枯水期氨氮、总磷和总氮的贡献率分别为18.32%～45.76%、9.31%～31.17%和29.34%～67.56%;区间入河污染源氨氮、总磷和总氮削减率分别为19.41%、31.31%和24.94%;丰枯水期河道自净对氨氮、总磷和总氮削减率分别为44.85%～61.29%、51.40%～77.92%和8.40%～23.06%。为改善官厅水库入流水质,在流经城市区的妫水河下游及三里河修建了河流湿地公园,对区域污染源进行截污,使得入库水质可达到Ⅲ类水。为长远确保官厅水库的水质,控制来流水质和加强流域治理是关键,同时营造岸带湿地,对水质改善有积极的作用。研究结果及方法可为水库污染防治及负荷量削减提供理论依据。     

基于水化学和环境同位素的准格尔煤田地下水循环特征

为揭示准格尔煤田地区地下水循环特征,运用水化学技术、水汽轨迹模型和环境同位素等方法分析不同水体水化学特征、环境同位素特征、大气降水主要来源、地表水及地下水转化关系。结果表明:地表水矿化度低,呈弱碱-偏碱性,水化学类型以HCO_3·SO_4·Cl-Ca型水为主;地下水整体矿化度低,偏弱碱性,主要以HCO_3-Na·Ca型、Cl-Na型、HCO_3-Ca·Mg型、HCO_3·Cl-Na型水为主;黄河水δ(D)平均值为-79.6‰、δ(~(18)O)平均值为-10.47‰,第四系地下水δ(D)平均值为-66.25‰、δ(~(18)O)平均值为-9.1‰,白垩系地下水δ(D)值为-70.6‰、δ(~(18)O)值为-9.3‰,石炭-二叠系地下水δ(D)平均值为-77.07‰、δ(~(18)O)平均值为-9.9‰,寒武-奥陶系地下水δ(D)平均值为-75.73‰、δ(~(18)O)平均值为-10.06‰;大气降水受极地气团和季风影响,主要来源为西风带水汽、地表水和地下水水汽蒸发再循环;断层带、褶皱轴部裂隙带为不同含水层间主要导水通道,大气降水和黄河为地下水主要补给来源;高承压水头寒武-奥陶系岩溶裂隙水越流补给第四系松散孔隙水和砂岩裂隙水,第四系松散孔隙水通过地层间不整合接触面裂隙发育带向下补给石炭-二叠系砂岩裂隙水,黄河水对寒武-奥陶系地下水的补给比例受地质构造发育的影响较大。     

The application of the methodology for secure cyber–physical systems design to improve the semi-natural model of the railway infrastructure

The paper suggests a new methodology for secure cyber–physical systems design. The proposed methodology consists of two main cycles. The main goal of the first cycle is in design of the system model, while the second one is about development of the system prototype. The key idea of the methodology is in providing of the most rational solutions that are improving the security of cyber–physical systems. Such solutions are called alternatives and built according to functional requirements and non-functional limitations to the system. Each cycle of the methodology consists of the verification process and seven stages that are associated with the used cyber–physical system model. The objective of the verification process is in checking of constructed models and prototypes in terms of their correctness and compatibility. The model represents cyber–physical systems as sets of building blocks with network between them, takes elements internal structure into account and allows direct and reverse transformations. The novelty of the suggested methodology is in the combination of design, development and verification techniques within a single approach. To provide an example of the design methodology application, in this paper it is used to improve the semi-natural model of the railway infrastructure.     

Investigation of oil palm harvesting tools design and technique on work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper body

The oil palm industry is one of the important sectors in Malaysia. The growth and development of this industry shows that Malaysia is the world second-largest oil palm producers. However, in the fresh fruit bunch (FFB) harvesting process, the harvesters are exposed to many types of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The FFB harvesters tend to develop WMSDs especially the shoulders and trunk. Hence, it is important to identify the exposure levels, awkward postures and the reaction forces of muscle activity based on the posture and movement of the harvesters when using pole, chisel and loading spike during the harvesting process. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the design of oil palm FFB harvesting tools on WMSDs of the upper body. Rapid Upper Limb Analysis (RULA) was used to investigate and assess the exposure level on the harvester body during the harvesting process. The assessment showed that the shoulders and trunk have high exposure level and undergo awkward posture. Human Musculoskeletal Model Analysis (HMMA) was used to identify the reaction force exerted on the muscle during the FFB harvesting process. In this study, 4 muscles were analysed including Triceps, Biceps, Erector Spinae and Psoas Major. The highest reaction force of 16.36 N was found on the left triceps when handling a loading spike. In conclusion, it is important to address the risks by reviewing all possible aspects that contribute to the WMSDs and interventions on the tool design, task and working shifts may be required.     

Layout Optimization for Greenhouse WSN Based on Path Loss Analysis

When wireless sensor networks (WSN) are deployed in the vegetable greenhouse with dynamic connectivity and interference environment, it is necessary to increase the node transmit power to ensure the communication quality, which leads to serious network interference. To offset the negative impact, the transmit power of other nodes must also be increased. The result is that the network becomes worse and worse, and node energy is wasted a lot. Taking into account the irregular connection range in the cucumber greenhouse WSN, we measured the transmission characteristics of wireless signals under the 2.4 Ghz operating frequency. For improving network layout in the greenhouse, a semi-empirical prediction model of signal loss is then studied based on the measured data. Compared with other models, the average relative error of this semi-empirical signal loss model is only 2.3%. Finally, by combining the improved network topology algorithm and tabu search, this paper studies a greenhouse WSN layout that can reduce path loss, save energy, and ensure communication quality. Given the limitation of node-degree constraint in traditional network layout algorithms, the improved algorithm applies the forwarding constraint to balance network energy consumption and constructs asymmetric network communication links. Experimental results show that this research can realize the energy consumption optimization of WSN layout in the greenhouse.