Finite Element Modelling of TRIP Steels

A constitutive model that describes the mechanical behaviour of steels exhibiting “Transformation Induced Plasticity” (TRIP) during martensitic transformation is presented. Multiphase TRIP steels are considered as composite materials with a ferritic matrix containing bainite and retained austenite, which gradually transforms into martensite. The effective properties and overall behaviour of TRIP steels are determined by using homogenization techniques for non‐linear composites. The developed constitutive model considers the different hardening behaviour of the individual phases and estimates the apportionment of plastic strain and stress between the individual phases of the composite. A methodology for the numerical integration of the resulting elastoplastic constitutive equations in the context of the finite element method is developed and the constitutive model is implemented in a general‐purpose finite element program. The prediction of the model in uniaxial tension agrees well with the experimental data. The problem of necking of a bar in uniaxial tension is studied in detail.     

低碳钢在形变作用下产生的超平衡数量铁素体

试验研究了低碳钢变形后经历等温及随后快冷的组织转变,发现在Ae3附近及以下一定温度范围内大变形会使室温组织中出现超平衡数量的铁素体.形变后等温,出现超平衡数量铁素体向奥氏体的逆相变,该弛豫过程具有类似C曲线的动力学特征;而且经过等温后,伴随着铁素体数量的减少存在其晶粒尺寸增大的现象.随着变形温度的降低,超平衡数量铁素体在数量以及晶粒尺寸上的稳定性均提高.     

Controlling Properties of HSLA Line Pipe Steels for Oil and Gas Applications

DANIELI has recently implemented its Coil Quality Estimator (DANIELI-CQETM) system to the Hot Strip Mill of United Metallurgical Company (OMK) at Vyksa,Russia.This system is developed for the purpose of real time assessment and control of mechanical properties for hot rolled coils.Mechanical properties such as strength,toughness,ductility and hardness are predicted over the entire length of a strip while it is processed.The property estimation is based on the final microstructure as predicted from a group of interconnected physically based metallurgical models,supplemented by Artificial Neural Network.The CQE system is used for prediction and control of properties of HSLA line pipe grades steel and other grades.The system performance,is judged by accuracy and reliability of prediction,has been compared with the physical material testing data from the plant.The results are found to be excellent.CQE is found useful for generation of test certificate of coil,quality assurance,process control,product development,and customer claim assessment.It is used for resource optimization for production,and other operational improvements such as reduction of downgrades.The present paper shares the results of CQE performance for prediction of HSLA line pipe grade steels.     

电渣重熔高氮钢技术的进展

 高氮钢,尤其是高氮不锈钢,由于其优异的性能和诱人的应用前景受到国内外钢铁材料界的广泛关注。在理论计算分析氮在钢中溶解行为的基础上,指出了高氮钢制备的主要技术难点;概述了目前高氮钢的主要制备方法,重点讨论了常压和高压电渣重熔高氮钢的特点和存在的问题;分析了用电弧渣重熔(ASR)法生产高氮钢的技术优势,认为用ASR法生产高氮钢是目前比较可行的方案。     

Fatigue assessment of cut edges in high strength steel – Influence of surface quality

The influence of surface roughness on the fatigue strength in high strength steels and different cutting processes are studied. Fatigue testing is conducted on S700 and S960 material for different plate thicknesses cut in dog bone specimens using oxygen, plasma, laser and waterjet cutting. The surface roughness is measured for all specimens and residual stress measurements are carried out. Estimations of the fatigue strength are made based on the measured surface roughness and the ISO 9013:2002 standard for thermal cutting quality tolerances. The testing shows a 15–70 % increase in the fatigue strength compared to the estimation, proving a weak connection between the surface quality levels in ISO 9013:2002 and the fatigue test results. Different codes and design recommendations (IIW, EC3 and EN 13001) for fatigue strength of cut surfaces are compared with the fatigue test results which clearly shows an increased fatigue strength with enhanced quality and steel grades. However, the codes and design recommendations do not allow for any fatigue strength improvement with improved quality and increased yield strength.     

Life prediction of stainless steels by cyclic and stable hysteresis curves

Abstract

This study develops an analytical expression to describe the cyclic stress‐strain curve obtained from a series of fully‐reversed fatigue tests. A set of stress‐strain relationships is proposed to simulate the tensile branch of the stable hysteresis loop. The complete shape of the stable hysteresis loop is then constructed and the associated theoretical plastic work calculated by integrating the area within the enclosed curve. The theoretical plastic work is employed to predict the fatigue lives of the investigated materials on the basis of their respective stable plastic work per cyclelife curves. In this paper, the current mathematical derivations are based upon the endochronic theory of plasticity. The accuracy of the proposed set of stress‐strain relationships is verified by conducting fully‐reversed constant strain amplitude fatigue tests on AISI 316 and AISI 304 stainless steels. The experimental and simulation results are found to be in good agreement, hence confirming the accuracy of the proposed analytical stress‐strain relationships. Again, comparing the obverted and predicted fatigue lives, a good agreement is found between the two sets of results.     

Early-stage nucleation of manganese sulfide particle and its processing evolution in Fe—3wt.%Si alloys

Manganese sulfide is often referred to as one of important inhibitors in grain-oriented electrical steels, which is of great importance to yield strong Goss texture. However, the early stage of nucleation for such inhibitors and their evolution during the processing has not been well understood. In present work we selected a Fe--3.12wt.%Si--0.11wt.%Mn--0.021wt.%S model system and used FE-SEM and atom probe tomography (APT) to investigate the precipitation behavior of MnS inhibitors at near atomic scale. It was found that the Si--S enriched clusters with sizes of 5--15 nm were formed close to the MnS particles. The density of inhibitors decreased after large pseudo-plane-strain compression because of the effect of dislocation motion, and then slightly increased again when sample was aged at 200°C for 48 h. The dislocations and grain boundaries can act as fast diffusion paths and assist the reemergence of Si--S enriched clusters.