Tensile Test Specimens with a Circumferential Precrack for Evaluation of Interfacial Toughness of Thermal-Sprayed Coatings

A new testing procedure to evaluate the interfacial toughness of thermal-sprayed coatings has been developed. The newly designed test specimen is a modification of the pin test with an artificially introduced weak interface, which is expected to open up easily under tensile loading and act as a circumferential precrack along the interface between a coating and the substrate. This configuration makes it possible to calculate the stress intensity factor K _Int at the tip of the precrack, which can be expressed as , where σ₀ is the apparent average stress, a the crack length, R the specimen radius, and F _I the geometrical correction function. Finite-element analysis was carried out to calculate the correction function F _I for various values of a/R. In the experiments, the flat surface of a pin was grit-blasted and a ring-shaped area from the periphery was covered with carbon using a pencil and set into a mating dice. SUS316L stainless steel was plasma-sprayed onto the flat surface of the pin and the dice. Then, tensile load was applied to the pin to break the weak interface containing the carbon and finally the unmodified coating-substrate interface. The load required to pull out the pin was measured for various specimen parameters such as a and R. The results indicate that the adhesion of the tested coatings can be represented by interface toughness of 1.9 ± 0.1 MPa m^1/2. As a consequence, this testing procedure can be considered as a viable method to evaluate adhesion of a thermal-sprayed coating on a substrate.     

Technical and Economical Aspects of Current Thermal Barrier Coating Systems for Gas Turbine Engines by Thermal Spray and EBPVD: A Review

The most advanced thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems for aircraft engine and power generation hot section components consist of electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) applied yttria-stabilized zirconia and platinum modified diffusion aluminide bond coating. Thermally sprayed ceramic and MCrAlY bond coatings, however, are still used extensively for combustors and power generation blades and vanes. This article highlights the key features of plasma spray and HVOF, diffusion aluminizing, and EBPVD coating processes. The coating characteristics of thermally sprayed MCrAlY bond coat as well as low density and dense vertically cracked (DVC) Zircoat TBC are described. Essential features of a typical EBPVD TBC coating system, consisting of a diffusion aluminide and a columnar TBC, are also presented. The major coating cost elements such as material, equipment and processing are explained for the different technologies, with a performance and cost comparison given for selected examples.     

Lanthanum hexaaluminate—a new material for atmospheric plasma spraying of advanced thermal barrier coatings

One of the main application fields of the thermal spraying process is thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Today, partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ or MSZ) is mainly used as a TBC material. At temperatures above 1000 °C, zirconia layers age distinctively, including phenomena shrinkage and microcrack formation. Therefore, there is a considerable interest in TBCs for higher temperature applications. In this paper, lanthanum hexaaluminate, a newly developed TBC material with long-term stability up to 1400 °C, is presented. It ages significantly more slowly at these high temperatures than commercial zirconia-based TBCs. Its composition favors the formation of platelets, which prevent a densification of the coating by postsintering. It consists of La₂O₃, Al₂O₃, and MgO. Its crystal structure corresponds to a magnetoplumbite phase. Lanthanum hexaaluminate powders were produced using two different fabrication routes, one based on salts and the other one based on oxides. To optimize the granulate, various raw materials and additives were tested. The slurry was spray dried in a laboratory spray drier and calcined at 1650 °C. Using these two powders, coatings were produced by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The residual stresses of the coatings were measured by the hole drilling method, and the deposition process was optimized with respect to the residual stresses in the TBC. The coatings were extensively analyzed regarding phase composition, thermal expansion, and long-term stability, as well as microstructural properties.     

Development of refractory silicate-yttria-stabilized zirconia dual-layer thermal barrier coatings

Development of advanced thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is the most promising approach for increasing the efficiency and performance of gas turbine engines by enhancing the temperature capability of hot section metallic components. Spallation of the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coat, induced by the oxidation of the bond coat coupled with the thermal expansion mismatch strain, is considered to be the ultimate failure mode for current state-of-the-art TBCs. Enhanced oxidation resistance of TBCs can be achieved by reducing the oxygen conductance of TBCs below that of thermally grown oxide (TGO) alumina scale. One approach is incorporating an oxygen barrier having an oxygen conductance lower than that of alumina scale. Mullite, rare earth silicates, and glass ceramics have been selected as potential candidates for the oxygen barrier. This paper presents the results of cyclic oxidation studies of oxygen barrier/YSZ dual-layer TBCs.     

粘结层喷涂方法对铜基体与热障涂层结合强度的影响

为提高铜基体上热障涂层的工作温度和寿命,分别采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)和等离子喷涂(APS)制备NiCrAlY粘结层,采用等离子喷涂制备ZrO2-8%Y2O3陶瓷面层.用拉伸试验测试了热障涂层的结合强度,利用SEM分析了拉伸断口的成分分布和微观形貌.研究表明,用HVOF制备粘结层的热障涂层的结合强度为47.9 MPa,用APS制备粘结层的热障涂层的结合强度为31.2 MPa.与等离子喷涂制备粘结层相比,采用超音速火焰喷涂制备粘结层可明显提高ZrO2陶瓷涂层的结合强度.     

Structure and mechanical properties of plasma sprayed nanostructured alumina and FeCuAl-alumina cermet coatings

Nanostructured alumina (Al₂O₃) and nanostructured cermet coatings containing alumina dispersed in a FeCu or FeCuAl matrix, were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) from nanostructured powders. These coatings were characterized by SEM, EDAX, TEM, XRD and nanoindentation. Friction and wear behaviour were investigated by sliding and abrasion tests. TEM and XRD revealed that a nanostructuring was retained in the APS deposited coatings.The nanostructured ceramic and cermet coatings were compared in terms of coefficient of friction and wear resistance. Nanostructured cermet coatings appeared to offer a better wear resistance under sliding and abrasion tests than nanostructured Al₂O₃ coatings. The role of Fe, Cu, and Al additions to the Al₂O₃ coatings on friction and wear behaviour, was investigated.In the case of FeCu- and FeCuAl-based cermet coatings containing alumina, though the starting material consist of only two compounds, the coatings contain up to four different phases after plasma spraying. The mechanical properties of these different phases namely crack sensitivity and elasto-plastic deformation was determined by nanoindentation. The failure mechanisms were investigated and an attempt was made to establish a ‘structure-property’ relationship. It was shown that an appropriate balance between hard and soft phases results in optimum tribological properties of the nanostructured cermet coatings.     

黄芪多糖对2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗大鼠Resistin蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨黄芪多糖（Astragalus Polysaccharide,APS）对2型糖尿病大鼠脂肪组织抵抗素（Resistin）蛋白表达的影响。方法：将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、APS高、中、低剂量治疗组。用药12周后,采用SDS-PAGE检测Resistin蛋白质表达水平。结果：APS高、中剂量治疗组Resistin蛋白表达低于模型组水平（P〈0.01）。结论：APS可下调2型糖尿病大鼠Resistin蛋白表达,从而实现其降血糖作用。     

HVOF和APS喷涂WC-10Co-4Cr涂层性能研究

以45号钢为基体分别采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)和大气等离子喷涂(APS)法,制备了两种WC-10Co-4Cr涂层,并对两种工艺喷涂的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层进行了金相显微结构分析、结合强度及硬度测试.试验结果表明:HVOF和APS制备的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层金相组织分布均匀,界面结合致密无杂质;HVOF制备的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的孔隙率较小,且显微硬度及结合强度均优于APS的.表明,HVOF制备的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的基本性能优于APS制备的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层.     

APS/HVOF热喷涂WC基金属陶瓷涂层的微观组织与性能

WC基涂层由于具有较高的硬度、优异的耐磨性、较好的抗腐蚀性,广泛应用于石油等工业中提高零件的磨损和腐蚀性能。随着现代化工业中工件服役环境日趋复杂,对制备性能优异的WC基涂层要求越来越高。在热喷涂技术中,热喷涂大气等离子热喷涂(APS) 喷涂温度范围广,可以提高至数万温度,在喷涂难容材料方面具有无与伦比的优势,而超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)由于具有较高的焰流速度,粒子动能较高,同时由于喷涂过程中N2等冷却喷涂材料,近来在涂层制备中具有广泛的应用。本文利用APS与HVOF两种热喷涂方法在45钢表面制备WC-10Co-4Cr、WC-17Co两种涂层,对不同方式制备的涂层截面硬度、金相组织、与基体结合能力、涂层脱碳情况进行分析。结果表明：HVOF 涂层在喷涂中粒子未充分熔化,但粒子动能较高,表面相比于APS喷涂方式更加平整,与基体的结合性能好于APS制备的涂层。通过HVOF制备的两种涂层的孔隙率均低于APS制备的涂层,其中HVOF 制备的WC-17Co具有最小的孔隙率(0.65%)。此外,HVOF涂层的硬度均高于APS制备的涂层,由于具有较少的粘结相,通过HVOF制备的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层具有最高的截面硬度。相比于HVOF,APS具有较高的喷涂温度和较低的焰流速度导致涂层在喷涂过程中氧化脱碳现象较为严重,出现大量的W2C及少量的Co3W3C、Co6W6C等脆性η相。因此,HVOF更适合于喷涂WC-10Co-4Cr、WC-17Co两种涂层。