Thermal performance of annealing line heating furnace

Abstract

In the present study, a stepwise model based on the enclosure concept has been applied to an annealing line heating furnace. The model has been satisfactorily tested using three industrial manufacturing data sets. As temperature measurement inside the furnace is difficult, the model could be used to improve control and to obtain the outlet temperature of the steel strip, the heat transfer rate loss and the strip heat transfer rate throughout the length of the furnace. Variations in the thermodynamic properties included in the model and in the operational conditions, which cannot be accurately known, have been tested to ascertain their effects on the evolution of the strip temperature. It is found that precise knowledge of the heat capacity and heating power introduced in the furnace are important to obtain good results in application of the model.     

Coupled modelling of electric arc furnace and ladle furnace processes

Abstract

In the present investigation, a coupled mass and heat balance model for the analysis of the metallurgical processes that occur in the electric arc furnace and in the ladle furnace processes is proposed. One goal of this work was to create a simple spreadsheet based model to help with the selection of the correct process parameters for a chosen final chemical composition, quality level and production costs. The model proposed in this work was validated with reference to two operating modalities, using actual manufacturing plant data as well as specific data obtained from the literature. It was then used to obtain guidelines for the optimised production of low P steels and the realisation of a dephosphorisation map.     

Zinc accumulation during recycling of iron oxide wastes in the blast furnace

Abstract

Byproducts/wastes of iron- and steelmaking processes and steel scrap are the main sources of iron units recycled in the steel plants. Direct recycling of the iron oxide wastes (dusts and sludge) in the blast furnace (BF) is however hampered by its chemistry (>0·1%Zn in the charge). Vaporisation, condensation, oxidation and circulation of zinc may collectively lead to the accumulation in the furnace. Very fine particles are deposited on other particles that have high surface areas which diminish BF refractory life and impair the quality of high quality pig iron produced. For effective continuous recycling of iron units, it is necessary to identify their sources, determine their composition and evolve device and appropriate technology for the treatment of zinc bearing units. The present paper analyses the process of zinc accumulation in the BF and derives an algebraic model to determine the extent of the accumulation. On the basis of analysis of zinc base formation, its recirculation in the furnace and other related productive units, a homograph (alignment chart) of zinc accumulation is designed. The paper also outlines the feasible processes of zinc removal from the close-looped system (sinter plant–BF–sinter plant).     

Soft‐output MMSE V‐BLAST receiver with MMSE channel estimation under correlated Rician fading MIMO channels

For wireless multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) communications systems, both channel estimation error and spatial channel correlation should be considered when designing an effective signal detection system. In this paper, we propose a new soft‐output MMSE based Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space‐Time (V‐BLAST) receiver for spatially‐correlated Rician fading MIMO channels. In this novel receiver, not only the channel estimation errors and channel correlation but also the residual interference cancellation errors are taken into consideration in the computation of the MMSE filter and the log‐likelihood ratio (LLR) of each coded bit. More importantly, our proposed receiver generalizes all existing soft‐output MMSE V‐BLAST receivers, in the sense that, previously proposed soft‐output MMSE V‐BLAST receivers can be derived as the reduced forms of our receiver when the above three considered factors are partially or fully simplified. Simulation results show that the proposed soft‐output MMSE V‐BLAST receiver outperforms the existing receivers with a considerable gain in terms of bit‐error‐rate (BER) performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分层空时编码及应用研究

分层空时编码是应用于多输入多输出系统中的一种空时编码,具有结构简单、易于实现且频带利用率随着发射天线数目的增加而线性增加等优点。针对分层空时编码传输速率高、无法获得最大分集增益以及系统抗衰落性能差等缺点,提出了一种结合空时分组码的混合结构模型——分层空时混合码。同时,介绍了分层空时编码检测算法的最新进展以及分层空时编码在自由空间光通信、OFDM系统中的研究成果及应用。     

Performance analysis of uplink spatial multiplexing MIMO MT‐CDMA over multipath fading channels

In this paper, we consider multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) multi‐tone code division multiple access (MT‐CDMA) uplink transmission over multipath fading channels. The zero‐forcing vertical Bell Laboratories layered space‐time architecture (ZF V‐BLAST) algorithm and maximum ratio combining scheme are applied at the receiver. The average bit error rate (BER) expression is derived provided that the number of receive antennas is not less than that of transmit antennas. The BER expression is verified by simulations. Numerical results show that the numbers of transmit and receive antennas have significant effects on the BER performance of the considered system. Spatial and path diversity show different capabilities to improve the BER performance. The MIMO MT‐CDMA system based on the ZF V‐BLAST algorithm is capable of achieving a better BER performance and a higher capacity than the conventional MT‐CDMA system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于扰码的CDMA-BLAST系统研究

该文提出一种新的CDMA下行链路空时编码方案,用正交扩频码区分不同用户,用扰码区分不同发射天线,由于扰码具有良好的自相关和互相关特性,可以在不牺牲码域资源的前提下,以增加少量的复杂度换取较好的链路性能。仿真结果显示,采用正交扩频码和扰码二级扩频的空时编码方案可以取得较好的链路性能。     

多天线阵列中基于矩阵求逆的BLAST和准正交STBC结合的HARQ算法研究

提出了多天线阵列中基于BLAST和准正交STBC结合的HARQ算法,并采用低复杂度的矩阵求逆方法进行解码。推荐的算法不是如传统的ARQ算法那样重传同样的信号,而是将数据组成准正交空时码发射矩阵,重传的时候传输发射矩阵的下一行,并和以前传输数据联合进行空时码解码。所以椎荐的算法可以额外获得空时码的分集增益,而在信道条件好和信噪比高时,由于没有重传的发生而可以获得BLAST的复用增益。对于部分发射矩阵联合空时码解码,本文提出了采用矩阵求逆的解码算法。仿真表明该算法和最大似然算法的性能相近而复杂度下降很多。本算法结合了BLAST和STBC以及HARQ的优势并采用了低复杂度的矩阵求逆算法,是一个既能够提高系统传输速率也能够提高系统抗干扰性能的HARQ方案。特别是本算法在所有接收天线数大于等于发射天线数的多天线阵列中有很强的实用性。     

烟道浮体式全自动排水装置

分析了锻造燃煤反射炉原排水方式的弊端，介绍了浮体式自动排水装置的优越性。     

Observation and analysis of fluidisation and flooding phenomena in lower blast furnace by model experiments

Abstract

A study has been carried out on abnormal flow phenomenon in the lower blast furnace (BF) for the purpose of the determination of appropriate measures to realise higher productivity and higher pulverised coal injection rate. An experimental apparatus was erected and tests were conducted under simulated BF conditions. Observations of the flow behaviour of gas, liquid and solid particles at varied gas and liquid flowrates revealed that typically, flooding occurred only in the systems with large, heavy particles, whereas typically fluidisation took place only in the systems with very light particles. A diagram of gas flowrate at flooding point against that at fluidisation point was created based on the test results. A conclusion that it is flooding which could possibly occur in the lower BF could be reached by using this diagram.