异侧布置缝-孔-堰组合式鱼道紊流结构试验研究

我国沿海沿江洄游性鱼类众多,单一式鱼道难以满足鱼类不同溯游习性的要求。迄今,人们对单一式鱼道研究较多,而对组合式鱼道仅限于数值模拟工作,试验研究几乎是空白。本文对凹口堰-矩形中孔-竖缝组合式鱼道的紊流结构进行了较为系统的试验研究。采用声学多普勒测速仪（ADV）量测了鱼道水池内各点的三维瞬时流速,分析了组合式鱼道的流动特征、时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力、频谱特性、相关函数及紊动尺度。试验研究结果表明：与单一式鱼道比较,组合式鱼道水流具有显著的三维流动结构;纵向流速在水平面上存在明显峰值区,横向流速和垂向流速显示在横断面上存在旋涡区;在竖缝壁面射流与孔口射流汇聚区,纵向、横向及垂向紊动强度均较大,合并后则逐渐减小;雷诺应力峰值区主要出现在多股射流交汇区;纵向脉动能量主频峰值大小为孔口>凹口堰>竖缝;纵向脉动流速表现出随时间的相关性,并有凹口堰>孔口>竖缝,且沿程波动周期延长;积分尺度和微分尺度显示涡旋结构与组合式鱼道的流区有关。     

Spectrophotometric evaluation of the photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde by Fe2O3–TiO2 nano hybrid

Photocatalytic capabilities of sol–gel synthesized Fe₂O₃–TiO₂ nano hybrid was investigated in degradation of formaldehyde in presence of ultra violet and visible irradiation. The reaction stream was evaluated by UV–vis spectrophotometry at 330–500 nm spectral region, using Fluoral-P (4-amino-3-penten-2-one) as a complexing agent. Obtained results confirmed the effective role of Fe₂O₃ phase in nano hybrid for degradation of formaldehyde according to Baeyer–Villiger reaction. On the other hand TiO₂ would play the role of photocatalyst in presence of UV ray. Nano hybrid assisted process was monitored by spectrophotometry, utilizing multivariate curve resolution chemometric technique.     

Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Al‐doped Ca2Fe2O5 brownmillerite compounds

Polycrystalline Ca₂Fe_2?xAl_xO₅ (x = 0‐1.4) samples were prepared by conventional solid‐state reactions. Their crystalline/electronic structures and magnetic properties were characterized in detail. Powder X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that the samples crystallized in orthorhombic brownmillerite‐type structures with the occurrence of the Pcmn‐Ibm2 phase separation in the region between x = 0.4 and 0.6. The results obtained from analyzing Raman scattering and X‐ray‐absorption fine‐structure spectra also indicated this phase separation. Although x in Ca₂Fe_2?xAl_xO₅ varies in a wide range from 0 to 1.4, the +3 oxidation state of Fe remained almost unchanged. Magnetization measurements revealed that all Ca₂Fe_2?xAl_xO₅ samples have weak ferromagnetic order, and both the saturation magnetization and coercive force are dependent on the temperature, x, and structure phases.     

A Defined and Flexible Pocket Explains Aryl Substrate Promiscuity of the Cahuitamycin Starter Unit–Activating Enzyme CahJ

Cahuitamycins are biofilm inhibitors assembled by a convergent nonribosomal peptide synthetase pathway. Previous genetic analysis indicated that a discrete enzyme, CahJ, serves as a gatekeeper for cahuitamycin structural diversification. Here, the CahJ protein was probed structurally and functionally to guide the formation of new analogues by mutasynthetic studies. This analysis enabled the in vivo production of a new cahuitamycin congener through targeted precursor incorporation.     

Test and simulation on moisture flow in earlyage concrete under drying

In this paper, moisture flow in two concrete with and without internal curing using presoaked lightweight aggregate (PSLWA) under surface drying is experimentally investigated by measuring the weight of the concrete samples. Mathematical modeling on moisture flow, especially moisture transfer coefficient between concrete and surrounding air, normally called surface factor is performed. The results show that moisture flow through the drying surface of concrete can be characterized by a constant moisture loss stage (I) followed by a gradually reducing moisture loss stage (II). For the given environmental condition, the length of stage I increases with a decrease in water-to-cement ratio. Internal curing with PSLWA will prolong the length of Stage I. Surface factor is a function of location along air flow direction, air flow speed, and temperature of air and concrete surface, while it is independent of mix proportions of concrete. Higher air flow rate, higher temperature of air and/or concrete will result in a larger surface factor. Element size along air flow direction significantly influences the value of surface factor. Smaller element size along the air flow direction will result in a larger surface factor. The comparison on surface factor between experimental determination and theoretical calculation is performed and a good agreement between them is obtained.     

An acousto-ultrasonic approach for the determination of water-to-cement ratio in concrete

A novel nondestructive procedure for the evaluation of water-to-cement (w/c) ratio in concrete is presented. The experimental setup is based on the method of acousto-ultrasonics; data analysis, however, and recognition of concrete composition from the waveform transmitted through specimen thickness, are achieved by simple time and frequency domain schemes used in this work. Experiments were performed in a number of concrete specimens made at various w/c ratios and at a number of ages starting from 2 up to 90 days. Recognition results were satisfactory and the algorithm introduced was successful in identifying the correct w/c ratio in more than 90% of the test cases. The use of existing spectral analysis techniques such as the coherence function has also proved to be more efficient and fits the purpose. The possibility of water content determination in fresh paste is also discussed along with preliminary evidence from initial tests.     

A comparison of bending strength between adhesive and steel reinforced concrete with steel only reinforced concrete

Cracking of brittle cementitious composites subjected to excessive loading causes a potential reduction in material performance. Steel bars or metal fibers typically act as tensile reinforcing in concrete composites to increase the material's structural capacity in bending and to delay or prevent matrix cracking.The goal of this research is to determine whether the performance in bending strength and material integrity of a typically reinforced cementitious composite may be improved through the release of “healing” chemicals, such as adhesives, from hollow fibers into cracks induced by loading in addition to the metal reinforcing. Adhesive-filled repair fibers are intended to break immediately upon cracking in the concrete thereby activating the healing process with the release of a sealing or adhering substance. This self-repair occurs whenever and wherever cracks are generated.     

Intermolecular interaction of thermoresponsive poly-2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline in solutions and interpolymer complex with fiber-forming polyethylene oxide

The cross-linked poly-2-isopropyl-2-oxazolines (PiPrOx) differing in cross-linker content have been synthesized and characterized by light scattering, chromatography, and rheometry. The dramatic influence of the cross-linker content on solubility and uni- or bimodality was observed. For the first time, the interpolymer complex of cross-linked PiPrOx with polyethylene oxide is manufactured in fibrous form by the electrospinning method. The role of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the structure and properties of electrospun fibers (EF) was studied by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. It was established that these interactions allow to obtain a uniform fibrous membrane. At the same time, hydrogen bonding is responsible for the self-organization of PiPrOx in water.     

Utilizing the autocatalysis of Co to prepare low-cost WC-Co powder for high-performance atmospheric plasma spraying

A novel method of incorporating fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition (FBCVD) with electroless plating was developed to effectively prepare the core-shell structured WC-Co composite powders. The Co nanoparticles decorated on the surface of WC particles by FBCVD acted as active catalysts for the subsequent electroless plating process. The particle size and quantity of the decorated Co particles determined the electroless plating rate but the particle size played more important role. For the conditions tested, the maximum electroless plating rate of 2.34 mg/g/min was obtained by using an optimal FBCVD pretreatment at 750°C for 3 minutes. WC-12Co composite powders with a commercial composition widely used for atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) were efficiently prepared. The composite powders exhibited excellent suitability for APS by forming a homogenous Co-W-C ternary liquid stream. The APS coating is not only well-bonded with the substrate but also consisted of hard nonequilibrium Co₃W₃C and W₂C phases with a uniform distribution. Both remarkably improved the hardness and tribological properties of the APS coating.     

Turncoat Polypeptides: We Adapt to Our Environment

A common interpretation of Anfinsen's hypothesis states that one amino acid sequence should fold into a single, native, ordered state, or a highly similar set thereof, coinciding with the global minimum in the folding-energy landscape, which, in turn, is responsible for the function of the protein. However, this classical view is challenged by many proteins and peptide sequences, which can adopt exchangeable, significantly dissimilar conformations that even fulfill different biological roles. The similarities and differences of concepts related to these proteins, mainly chameleon sequences, metamorphic proteins, and switch peptides, which are all denoted herein “turncoat” polypeptides, are reviewed. As well as adding a twist to the conventional view of protein folding, the lack of structural definition adds clear versatility to the activity of proteins and can be used as a tool for protein design and further application in biotechnology and biomedicine.