Effect of processing on the rheological properties of poly-urethane/urea bituminous products

In this work, bitumen modification, by “in situ” formation of poly-urethane/urea-based polymers in the bituminous matrix, has been studied. This procedure consisted of a first modification by the addition of MDI-PPG reactive prepolymer (polypropylene-glycol, PPG, functionalized by polymeric MDI, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate), in a first stage, and a further modification of the new bitumen-MDI-PPG molecules as water was added, in a second stage. Thin layer chromatography, TLC-FID, and infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, techniques have been used to follow the reactions occurring in four different types of bitumen. Rheological measurements have demonstrated that the resulting bitumen modification strongly depends on the processing conditions selected during the first stage. Thus, bitumen modification degree after water addition increases as processing time does. Furthermore, water addition has been found to promote bitumen foaming at low processing temperatures, which could be used in novel applications where a foamed binder is required. As a result, a reactive bitumen modification mechanism, involving a set of three chemical reactions, has been proposed.     

微乳型厨房除油污气雾剂的研制

本文阐述了厨房油垢的成因以及常用的洗涤方法、将溶剂的渗透、溶解性能和表面活性剂的渗透、润湿、乳化性能结合,研制一种微乳型的弱碱性厨房清洗剂,在弱碱性条件下达到较好的去油污效果,对环境友好,而且具有光亮功能。选用合适的抛射剂和防锈剂制成气雾剂,解决了洗涤剂对马口铁罐的腐蚀问题。     

聚氨酯/环氧树脂互穿网络半硬泡沫的压缩力学性能

采用同步法制备了聚氨酯/环氧树脂互穿聚合物网络(IPN)半硬泡沫。研究了IPN泡沫密度及环氧树脂用量对压缩力学性能的影响。研究表明,在所研究的泡沫密度范围内,压缩模量、屈服强度均与泡沫材料密度成指数关系,并且这种指数关系可以根据数学模型用泡沫材料的相对密度表示,且理论曲线与实验曲线吻合较好。因此,利用该模型可以对泡沫的压缩性能进行预测。IPN泡沫的压缩模量和屈服强度与环氧树脂用量成指数式增长关系,当环氧树脂的质量分数超过20%时压缩模量和屈服强度显著提高。     

Synthesis of few-layered Ti3C2Tx/ WO3 nanorods foam composite material for NO2 gas sensing at low temperature

The few-layered Ti₃C₂T_x/WO₃ nanorods foam composite material was synthesized by electrostatic self-assembly and bidirectional freeze-drying technologies. The phase structure and microstructure of synthesized samples was characterized by XRD, FESEM, TEM and their gas sensing properties estimated via a self-designed equipment with four test channels. The results demonstrate WO₃ nanorods were successfully anchored on the surface and between layers of few-layered Ti₃C₂T_x MXene by electrostatic self-assembly strategy and the composite material simultaneously has a low-density foam morphology by means of bidirectional freeze-drying processes. There exists a typical heterostructure at the interfaces owing to the inseparable contact between the few-layered Ti₃C₂T_x MXene and WO₃ nanorods. Compared with the original WO₃ nanorods, the few-layered Ti₃C₂T_x/WO₃ nanorods foam composite material displays excellent gas sensing properties for NO₂ detection at low temperature, in particular the optimal value of gas sensing response (R_g/R_a) reaches to 89.46 toward 20 ppm NO₂ at 200 °C. The gas sensing mechanism was also discussed. The increase of gas sensitivity is attributed to a fact that during the reaction process of gas sensing, the excellent conductivity of the few-layered Ti₃C₂T_x MXene provided faster transport channels of free carriers, and the heterojunctions formed by few-layered Ti₃C₂T_x MXene and WO₃ nanorods enhanced the carriers separation efficiency. Meanwhile, the low-density layered structure of few-layered Ti₃C₂T_x/WO₃ nanorods foam composite material provides convenient diffusion paths for gas molecules to the surface of WO₃ nanorods.     

COLLABORATIVE DETERMINATION OF BEER FOAM STABILITY BY RUDIN AND NIBEM

Two methods, the “Rudin” method and the “Nibem” method have been tested for the determination of foam stability of beer by the Analysis Committee of the Institute of Brewing . For the Rudin method, over the range 90 to 102 seconds, it was judged that precision values were independent of the foam stability of the sample. Values for r₉₅ and R₉₅ were 6 and 22 seconds, respectively . For the Nibem method, precision was also independent of the foam stability of the sample over the range 213 to 246 seconds. Values for r₉₅ and R₉₅ were 22 and 70 seconds, respectively . The two methods ranked the foam stability of the three beers tested differently. This is to be expected, bearing in mind the different principles of the two procedures .     

Electrodeposited Pd nanoparticles on polypyrole/nickel foam for efficient methanol oxidation

The present work describes the Ni foam (Ni–F)/polypyrrole (PPy)/palladium (Pd) (Ni–F/PPy/Pd) multilayered catalysts via a facile electrochemical technique. Potentiostatic deposition of PPy on the surface of Ni–F is followed by galvanostatic deposition of Pd nanoparticles on Ni–F/PPy acted as supports for electrochemical deposition of Pd nanoparticles. The produced catalysts are utilized for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation in alkaline media. Chronoamperometry (CA), cyclic voltammetry (CVs), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques are used to examine the electrocatalytic performance of Ni–F/PPy/Pd based electrodes for methanol oxidation. The polypyrrole modification on Ni–F leads to an improvement in the electrocatalytic activity of the Ni-F/PPY-Pd catalysts toward methanol oxidation. As an open-pored, porous metal with high electrical conductivity, nickel foam produces a substantial amount of active area during the modification of Pd and polypyrrole, which results in significant catalytic activity and a rapid rate charge transfer reaction kinetics on methanol oxidation. The Ni–F/PPy/Pd10 catalyst exhibits enhanced specific activity than its counterparts and a reduced onset potential for methanol oxidation, as well as a low Tafel slope. Based on these results, Ni–F/PPy/Pd10 is suggested as a good material for the anode in the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol.     

渤海油田弱凝胶与泡沫复合调驱体系优化

采用流变、常规量筒法、扫描电镜及显微镜,研究了优选出的3种弱凝胶与SD发泡剂的复配体系的起泡性能、黏度、稳定性以及微观结构。结果表明,起泡剂与弱凝胶复配之后,体系的各项性能得到明显改善。复配体系半衰期增大,泡沫黏度增大,稳定性增强,明显优于单一体系。在弱凝胶与泡沫复合调驱体系中,凝胶易在气泡表面形成吸附膜,将泡沫包裹在内部,增强了气液界面的黏度,使得泡沫不容易发生聚并破裂,从而增强了泡沫的稳定性以及黏度,使得其半衰期也增大。     

基于WLF方程的硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料贮存寿命评估

对硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料进行了105℃条件下的高温老化试验,试验前后检测了其压缩性能的变化情况。结果表明,硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料老化后其压缩性能没有明显变化,因而不能应用Arrhenius方程来推导其贮存寿命。为此从时温等效原理出发,通过对硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料压缩蠕变曲线的平移推算出了其WLF方程,利用此方程,可以很容易地推导出硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料高温老化的低温等效贮存时间;该种硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料在20℃、25℃及30℃条件下的存贮寿命应至少分别在50．3a、45．3a及40．5a以上。     

聚氨酯预聚物改性酚醛泡沫塑料脆性的研究

采用聚氨酯预聚物对酚醛泡沫塑料进行改性，研究了预聚物粘度、用量对泡沫粉化程度和回弹性的影响。结果表明：预聚物的粘度越低，对酚醛泡沫的粉化性的改善效果越好；当预聚物的质量分数为3％时，改性泡沫的粉化程度仅为未改性的40％，且使泡沫具有一定的弹性，回弹率大于60％；聚氨酯预聚物对酚醛泡沫塑料的改性机理不是简单的物理共混，同时伴有共聚反应发生。     

Thermal insulation of muscovite/glass ceramic foam for solid oxide fuel cell

A direct foaming method of dispersed suspensions containing muscovite particulates and a glass powder (47BaO-21B₂O₃-27SiO₂-5Al₂O₃, in mol%) is used to prepare porous ceramic structures. The sintered foams exhibit extremely low thermal conductivity and slight expansion during the thermal treatment at 1000 °C. Both the foam stability and its thermal conductivity are investigated by considering foaming agents, muscovite/glass ratios, solid contents, microwave drying, wetting behaviors, and foam consolidation. One of the muscovite/glass ceramic foam, thermally treated at 950 °C for 1 h, showed the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.18 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ at 800 °C among all of the prepared samples. Its gas permeability and compressive strength are 0.1 × 10⁻⁷ cm² and 440 kPa, respectively.