Numerical simulation on supersonic flow in High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel thermal spray gun

This paper analyzes the behaviour of coating particles as well as the gas flow both inside and outside of the High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray gun by using a quasi-one-dimensional analysis and a numerical simulation. The HVOF gun in the present analysis is an axially symmetric convergent-divergent nozzle with the design Mach number of 2.0. From the present analysis, the distributions of velocity and temperature of the coating particles flying inside and outside of the HVOF gun are predicted. The velocity and temperature of the coating particles at the exit of the gun calculated by the present method agree well with the previous experimental results. Therefore, the present method of calculation is considered to be useful for predicting the HVOF gas and particle flows.     

不同方法制备的TBC涂层特性的研究

众所周知,热障涂层（TBC）主要包括粘接层和面层两部分。该文采用空气助燃超音速火焰喷涂（HVAF）和氧气助燃超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）两种方法制备粘接层,大气等离子喷涂（APS）方法制备面层,来研究不同制备方法对TBC涂层微观结构和性能的影响。试验结果表明,HVAF和APS制备的TBC涂层,粘接层中氧化现象较少,热生长氧化物（TGO）生长相对致密均匀,以α-Al2O3为主,其它复合氧化物（NiO、CrNi、CoNi等）较少,表现出较好的高温性能。YSZ陶瓷面层隔热效果良好,是一种成本低廉的新型制备TBC涂层技术。     

Stripping methods studies for HVOF WC-10Co-4Cr coating removal

The use of high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) cermet coatings is considered to be a valuable and innovative alternative technology to replace Cr(VI) electroplating. Among others, a WC-10Co-4Cr coating is one of the best choices for landing gear components due to its excellent tribology and corrosion properties. The stripping process of such a cermet coating was studied due to its importance for the repair and overhaul of landing gear components. Stripping solutions fulfill the following criteria: keep substrate integrity; exhibit a high strip rate (SR); lead to uniform dissolution; show no galvanic corrosion; and be environmentally friendly. Three different high-strength steel substrates (4340, 300M, and Aermet100) were studied. Five different stripping solutions were selected for the electrochemical study. Only three met the targeted criteria: the meta-nitrobenzane sulfonate-sodium cyanide solution; the Rochelle salt; and a commercial nickel stripper. It was found that the process must be electrolytic, and that ultrasonic agitation is needed to enhance the overall mass transport and removal of WC particles and metallic matrix residues. When choosing the most efficient solution and conditions, the SR was found to be as high as 162 μm h⁻¹, which is a very acceptable SR for productivity sake.     

APS/HVOF热喷涂WC基金属陶瓷涂层的微观组织与性能

WC基涂层由于具有较高的硬度、优异的耐磨性、较好的抗腐蚀性,广泛应用于石油等工业中提高零件的磨损和腐蚀性能。随着现代化工业中工件服役环境日趋复杂,对制备性能优异的WC基涂层要求越来越高。在热喷涂技术中,热喷涂大气等离子热喷涂(APS) 喷涂温度范围广,可以提高至数万温度,在喷涂难容材料方面具有无与伦比的优势,而超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)由于具有较高的焰流速度,粒子动能较高,同时由于喷涂过程中N2等冷却喷涂材料,近来在涂层制备中具有广泛的应用。本文利用APS与HVOF两种热喷涂方法在45钢表面制备WC-10Co-4Cr、WC-17Co两种涂层,对不同方式制备的涂层截面硬度、金相组织、与基体结合能力、涂层脱碳情况进行分析。结果表明：HVOF 涂层在喷涂中粒子未充分熔化,但粒子动能较高,表面相比于APS喷涂方式更加平整,与基体的结合性能好于APS制备的涂层。通过HVOF制备的两种涂层的孔隙率均低于APS制备的涂层,其中HVOF 制备的WC-17Co具有最小的孔隙率(0.65%)。此外,HVOF涂层的硬度均高于APS制备的涂层,由于具有较少的粘结相,通过HVOF制备的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层具有最高的截面硬度。相比于HVOF,APS具有较高的喷涂温度和较低的焰流速度导致涂层在喷涂过程中氧化脱碳现象较为严重,出现大量的W2C及少量的Co3W3C、Co6W6C等脆性η相。因此,HVOF更适合于喷涂WC-10Co-4Cr、WC-17Co两种涂层。     

粉末致密度对碳化钨涂层结构特征的影响

利用超音速火焰喷涂技术将4种不同致密度WC10Co4Cr粉末制备成涂层。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、表面粗糙度仪等设备对涂层的微观组织、结构特征进行分析。结果表明,随着致密度的降低,团聚烧结型粉末与基体撞击后更容易铺展,碳化钨微粒分布变得更均匀,形成的涂层具有更低的孔隙率和表面粗糙度;但是随着致密度的降低,碳化钨分解率升高,形成更多的脆硬相,最终使得涂层断裂韧性下降。由此可知,致密程度影响粉末颗粒在热喷涂过程中加热、加速和铺展状态,从而影响涂层的结构特征。     

超音速火焰喷涂WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的摩擦腐蚀性能研究

目的研究不同喷涂距离下WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的摩擦腐蚀性能,探究其机理并优化工艺参数,以提高涂层性能。方法通过超音速火焰喷涂技术在304不锈钢基体上制备WC-10Co-4Cr防护涂层,通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪研究涂层的微观结构及相组成,采用维氏显微硬度计测量涂层的显微硬度。采用装配有电化学工作站的摩擦磨损测试仪,对浸没于3.5%NaCl盐溶液中的涂层进行摩擦腐蚀实验,测量涂层在静态及滑动条件下的磨损率、摩擦系数和极化曲线。结果喷涂距离提高时,涂层孔隙率降低,硬度提高,达到1100～1400 HV。在腐蚀介质中滑动摩擦时,WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的磨损率较304不锈钢低2个数量级,磨损率为1.7×10~(-7)mm~3/(N·m),而304不锈钢的磨损率为2.6×10~(-5)mm~3/(N·m)。结论 WC-10Co-4Cr涂层良好的摩擦腐蚀性能归因于承受负载的WC相与产生钝化的金属粘结相之间的协同作用,其抵抗涂层受摩擦腐蚀破坏。     

Characterization of transient oxide formation on CoNiCrAlY after heat treatment in vacuum and air

The application of thin film sensors on hot section components of gas turbine engines requires the formation a specific and complex layered structure that is functional, reliable, and durable. In the case of conducting substrates, such as the nickel- or cobalt-based superalloys, an electrically-insulating layer (typically aluminum oxide) is required between the sensing layer elements and the substrate. In order to achieve suitable bonding of alumina to the substrate, a MCrAlY type bond coat is commonly applied to the metallic substrate and the subsequent formation of dense, adherent oxide(s) on the MCrAlY coating surface can ultimately determine the durability of the layered structure. In this work, test specimens consisting of a high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) CoNiCrAlY coated nickel-base substrate were subjected to selected vacuum and air furnace heat treatments in order to observe the effects of the heat treatments on the transient oxide formation on the CoNiCrAlY surface. The surfaces and cross-sectional features of the test specimens were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry analysis (EDS), together with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Of the heat treatment conditions examined, the vacuum heat treated CoNiCrAlY specimens exhibited the formation of a denser alumina layer while the air furnace heat treatments resulted in a more ridge-like alumina formation on the surface. Increasing heat treatment temperature and time reduced the amount of transition metal oxide and encouraged more uniform alumina formation.     

A study on powder mixing for high fracture toughness and wear resistance of WC-Co-Cr coatings sprayed by HVOF

The effects of mixing powders with various particle sizes on the fracture toughness and wear resistance of thermally sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coating layers fabricated by the HVOF (High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel) process on a S45C steel substrate were investigated. In order to obtain a high fracture toughness and wear resistance, the powder size and powder mixing ratio were varied. The microstructure and chemical composition of the phases in the coatings were characterized by means of the SEM and XRD techniques. Image analysis was used for the evaluation of the porosity of the coatings. Indentations tests were carried out on the cross sections of the coatings to evaluate the hardness and fracture toughness. The wear properties of the coatings were assessed using a pin-on-disk wear tester at ambient temperature without lubrication. The mixing of a small amount of coarse powders with fine powders resulted in the highest fracture toughness and wear resistance, due to the formation of coating layers having the lowest porosity.     

The effects of microstructural features on the performance gap in corrosion resistance between bulk and HVOF sprayed Inconel 625

It is commonly observed that there is a performance gap between the corrosion resistance of thermally sprayed coatings and the equivalent bulk material. This is attributed to the significantly modified microstructure of the sprayed coatings. However, currently there is no detailed understanding of which aspects of microstructural modification are primarily responsible for this performance gap. In this work several deliberately microstructurally modified versions of the Ni-based superalloy Inconel 625 were produced. These were subjected to potentiodynamic electrochemical testing in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ to investigate the links between specific microstructural features and electrochemical behaviour. Samples were prepared by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying, laser surface remelting using a high power diode laser and conventional powder sintering. Microstructural features were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Potentiodynamic testing was carried out on the following forms of Inconel 625: wrought sheet; HVOF sprayed coatings; sintered powder compacts; laser melted wrought sheet and HVOF sprayed coatings. Using the corrosion behaviour, i.e. passive current density, of the wrought sheet as a baseline, the performance of different forms of Inconel 625 was compared. It is found that a fine dendritic structure (with associated microsegregation) produced by laser remelting wrought sheet has no significant effect on corrosion performance. Up to 12% porosity in sintered powder samples increases the passive current density by a factor of only around 2. As observed previously, the passive current density of HVOF sprayed coatings is 20-40 times greater. However, HVOF coatings subjected to laser surface remelting are found to have a passive current density close to that of wrought material. It is concluded that, whilst porosity in coatings produces some decrease in corrosion resistance, the main contributing factor is the galvanic corrosion of localised Cr-depleted regions which are associated with oxide inclusions within HVOF sprayed samples.