Effects of surface roughness of substrates on the c-axis preferred orientation of ZnO films deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering

The c-axis preferred orientation of ZnO film is the most important factor for its successful application in piezoelectric devices. The effects of surface roughness of the substrate on the c-axis preferred orientation of ZnO thin films, deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering, were investigated. During sputtering, the oxygen content in the argon environment used was varied from 0 to 70% at a total sputtering pressure of 10 mTorr. Very smooth Si, smooth evaporated Au/Si, smooth evaporated-Al/Si, and rough sputtered-Al/Si were used as substrates. Their r.m.s. roughnesses, as measured by atomic force microscopy, were 1.27, 17.1, 21.1 and 65-118 Å, respectively. The crystalline structure and the angular spread of the (0 0* 2) plane normal to the ZnO films were determined using X-ray diffraction and X-ray rocking curves, respectively. The crystallinity and the preferred c-axis orientation of the ZnO films were strongly dependent on the surface roughness of the substrates rather than on the oxygen content of the working environment or on the chemical nature of the substrate.     

Prediction Model for BTA Deep-Hole Machining using Fuzzy Clustering Approach: Experimental Study

In this article, a subtractive clustering-based fuzzy identification method and a Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system are used for modeling in metal cutting. This approach is considered with its application on the experimental study of Boring and Trepanning Association (BTA) deep-hole drilling. The model for the surface roughness is identified by using the cutting speed and feed as input data and roughness as the output data. Using subtractive clustering in both input and output spaces performs the model-building process. Minimum error model is obtained through enumerative search of clustering parameters. The fuzzy model obtained is capable of predicting the surface roughness for a given set of inputs (speed and feed). Therefore, the operator can predict the quality of the surface for a given set of working parameters and will then be able to set the machining parameters to achieve a certain surface quality. The fuzzy model is verified experimentally by further experimentation using different sets of inputs. The tool life is also investigated using the same approach. The fuzzy inference system obtained is capable of predicting the tool life for a given set of cutting parameters. Therefore, the operator will be able to predict how many minutes the cutting tool is going to last and will set the time for the next tool change.     

一种新颖的表面等离子谐振效应光波导水质传感技术

光学表面等离子谐振（ＳＰＲ）效应是一种很有效的水质检测技术，经过详细的理论推导，同了ＳＰＲ反射光强的普遍适用公式。在纯水与受污染水两种情况下，根据一些已知参数计算出结果。由计算结果数据一出的曲线比较表明，ＳＰＲ效应在两种情况下有明显差别，这也正是ＳＰＲ效应用于水质检测的理论根据。     

STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS AND WEIGHT FUNCTIONS FOR SEMI-ELLIPTICAL SURFACE CRACKS IN FINITE-THICKNESS PLATES UNDER TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION

Abstract— A Fourier series approach is proposed to calculate stress intensity factors using weight functions for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates subjected to two-dimensional stress distributions. The weight functions were derived from reference stress intensity factors obtained by three-dimensional finite element analyses. The close form weight functions derived are suitable for the calculation of stress intensity factors for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates under two-dimensional stress distributions with the crack aspect ratio in the range of 0.1 ≤ a/c ≤ 1 and relative depth in the range of 0 ≤ a/t ≤ 0.8. Solutions were verified using several two-dimensional non-linear stress distributions; the maximum difference being 6%.     

液相颗粒包裹法制备PbNb2O6微粉的研究

本文介绍了一种采用液相颗粒包裹技术制备功能陶瓷微粉的新方法.这种方法有如下特点:(1)方法简便,不需要特殊的设备,便于扩大应用于工业生产;(2)粉体颗粒尺寸小而均匀;(3)粉体化学组成偏离小、且均匀;(4)适应性强,从双组分至十多组分的材料微粉制备均可采用;(5)特别适用于一些含有难溶组分、用液相法无法制备的材料.本工作采用这一方法,成功地制备出 PbNb_2O_6微粉,其平均腰粒尺寸<0.5μm,分散性及化学均匀性好,烧结活性高,烧结温度可以降低近100℃,瓷坯密度可达理论密度的96%以上.     

荷能束辐照致使Cu/Ag表面偏析的研究

本文研究了金属(Cu)/金属(Ag衬底)系统的荷能束辐照引起的表面偏析现象。观察到Cu在多晶Ag衬底上溅射淀积过程中,Ag原子在Cu膜表面的偏析,且淀积Cu原子能量越大,Ag原子偏析程度越大,即观察到了淀积Cu原子10~(-1)～1eV量级的平均能量差异对膜层表面偏析行为的影响。对溅射淀积所得膜层进行keV量级的离子束辐照,Ag原子的表面偏析程度更甚。     

Evolutionary algorithms and de novo peptide design

One of the goals of computational chemistry is the automated de novo design of bioactive molecules. Despite significant progress in computational approaches to ligand design and efficient evaluation of binding energy, novel procedures for ligand design are required. Evolutionary computation provides a new approach to this design issue. This paper presents an automated methodology for computer-aided peptide design based on evolutionary algorithms. It provides an automatic tool for peptide de novo design, based on protein surface patches defined by user. Regarding the restrictive constrains of this problem a special emphasis has been made on the design of the evolutionary algorithms implemented.     

回转头技术在表面贴装设备中的应用

当今的回转头式贴装设备能够以相对低廉的价格 ,提供高速度和准确的贴装 ,以及先进的识别操作。     

Interpolating Quintic Polynomial with C~1 Continuity

A method constructinq C~1 Piecewise quintic polynomial over a triangular grid to interpo-late function values and partial derivatives at vertices is presented in this paper.The set of precise poly-nomials of this method is discussed.     

Inhibition of acid rock drainage from uranium ore waste using a conventional neutralization and precipitation treatment

Glass columns (length 50 cm, i.d. 4 cm) containing 900 g of uranium ore waste were subjected to a three-step process: (1) acid drainage generation, (2) neutralization and precipitation treatment and, again, (3) acid drainage generation. In the first acid generation step, lasting about one year, different variables (pyrite addition, inoculation and irrigation solution) were tested by measuring effluent pH, redox potential, total iron and sulphate. Conditions of acid generation were satisfactorily reproduced, reaching stable pH values around 2.0 that were determined mainly by pyrite addition and the type of irrigation solution used (distilled water or ferrous sulphate). The neutralization and precipitation treatment consisted of alternating irrigations of a neutralizing solution (CaO saturated plus NaOH) and a precipitating solution (ferric sulphate saturated). This treatment caused accumulation of basic iron sulphate and iron oxide precipitates according to SEM studies. After this treatment, the barrier effect created by the reaction products was checked, using irrigation solutions similar to the first step. The effluents collected showed higher pH and lower redox potential, total iron and sulphate values than those observed before the treatment, evidencing inhibition of acid drainage generation.