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21.
N Kayansayan 《International Journal of Refrigeration》1996,19(3):197-207
The paper describes an effectiveness-NTU design method of bayonet-tube evaporators and condensers. Including the effect of the wall superheat on the shell-side film coefficient, and using an energy balance on the tube, differential equations for the steady-state fluid temperatures are formulated. Because of the nonlinear nature of the governing equations, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is employed to the solution of the finite difference equations. The results are iterated with the combination of integration techniques. An upper bound to the numerical error being ±5% the fluid temperature distribution as well as the exchanger effectiveness are determined, and presented as a function of the Hurd number, the number of heat transfer units and the flow arrangement. For flow entering through the inner tube, the temperature distribution displays the occurrence of a minimum at a point other than the tube-tip of the exchanger. In an extension of the analysis, an effort is made to illustrate the deviation of the results obtained by uniform film coefficient from the present study, and the differences are outlined. 相似文献
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The removal of Cu(II) by adsorption on fly ash has been found to be concentration, pH and temperature dependent. The kinetics of adsorption indicates the process to be diffusion controlled. The Langmuir constants have been calculated at different temperatures, and the adsorption has been found to be endothermic (ΔH = 15.652 kcal mol?1). The maximum removal is observed at pH 8.0, and variation in adsorption with pH has been explained on the basis of surface ionisation and complexation. 相似文献
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A semi-empirical mathematical model for the acid-oxygen pressure leaching of Ni–Cu matte is presented, based on data from batch leaching experiments. The primary controlling factor in the leaching process is found to be galvanic inhibition of the more highly oxidized copper and nickel sulfide species by less oxidized species, particularly Ni alloy and Ni3S2. The leaching rate of many species is greatly reduced by the presence of one or both of these phases, and others will not commence leaching until neither is present. The mathematical model is based on first-order chemical reaction controlled rate expressions, as the reactions occurring are electrochemical in nature. Mass transfer effects are included only empirically. Some possibly diffusion-related phenomena are noted, although the model is not extended to incorporate these effects on a fundamental level. The model is verified and extended by the inclusion of several different factors that were tested experimentally. The effects of variations in O2 flow rate and partial pressure, initial particle size, reaction pulp density and initial acid concentration were all studied, and included in the model. Variations in O2 flow rate and partial pressure are found to affect the reaction rates via the dissolved oxygen concentration in the solution phase. 相似文献
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小功率行波管可靠性数字仿真的研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
基于对实际器件的测试数据,采用模糊数学和最可能故障法建立整个器件的可靠性模型.引入可靠性分布密度函数,将实际测试得到的离散数据拟合成随时间变化的连续函数,不仅可得到小功率行波管测试性能的评估,而且还可以对其可靠性进行预测;进一步研究,还可以给出预测的准确度概率.本文主要讨论小功率行波管可靠度评估模型的建立、数据处理与精度分析等,并对预测与准确度的概率给予简要的介绍. 相似文献