Ozone Swimming Pool Water Treatment Under Tropical Conditions

This paper presents the first year operation report of an ozone swimming pool water treatment system under the severe conditions of tropical climate. The system installed in a 70 m³ pool with upflow hydraulics, comprises sand filtration and ozone/bromide ion treatment. Cupric sulfate was chosen as algaecide and pH was kept between 7.5 and 7.8 by adding adequate amounts of HC1. When required, a slight flocculation (aluminum sulfate, 5 mg/L) was applied weekly. Water physicochemical analyses performed twice a week throughout the year, including microbiological tests, clearly demonstrated the remarkable efficiency of the treatment, fulfilling all water quality standards, even at high bather loads and during the summer months (at water temperature higher than 31[ddot]C and an intense sunlight) being economically feasible as well. This experience will allow the extension of ozone water treatment to larger swimming pools in similar circumstances.     

Mathematical Modeling of Theoretical Cryptosporidium Inactivation in Full-Scale Ozonation Reactors

Conditions for theoretical inactivation of Cryptosporidium by ozone could be achieved at full-scale facilities if their design is appropriate. To perform this task correctly the chemical engineer's approach for process design must be applied. This paper discusses the basic equations the estimation of the disinfection efficiency of different ozone reacting systems. Available kinetic data have been integrated in a global model accounting for the hydrodynamics and mass transfer performances of the ozonation reactor. Thus the proposed method allows one to predict Cryptosporidium inactivation level in a given ozonation system. However, if a specified disinfection goal is to be achieved for Cryptosporidium with the developed model it is also possible to choose and optimize the design of the ozone reactor.     

Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of progesterone reaction with ozone

The removal of progesterone by ozone in aqueous solution was studied in this work. The absolute rate constant was evaluated and first by-products were identified. The reaction was studied in the 2.0-8.0 pH range and was found to be a second-order reaction, first-order relative to each compound concentration. The rate constant, determined by kinetic experiments in presence of an OH radical scavenger (tert-butanol), was independent of pH. The value was evaluated to be equal to 480+/-30 M(-1)s(-1) by two kinetic methods. Mass spectrometry analyses were performed to investigate primary degradation products generated by the reaction of ozone with progesterone. Two by-products were evidenced. According to these results, a degradation pathway of progesterone reacting with ozone was proposed.     

Metal-doped carbon aerogels as catalysts during ozonation processes in aqueous solutions

The efficiency of Co(II)-, Mn(II)-, and Ti(IV)-doped carbon aerogels for the transformation of ozone into (*)OH radicals was investigated. The carbon aerogels had a markedly acid surface character (pH(PZC approximately equal) congruent with 3-4) with very high surface oxygen concentrations (O approximately equal with 20%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the samples showed the oxidation state of the metals was +2 for Co and Mn and +4 for Ti. The presence of Mn(II)-doped carbon aerogel enhanced ozone transformation into (*)OH radicals, whereas the presence of Co(II) and Ti(IV) carbon aerogels presented no activity in this process. Moreover, it was observed that an increase in the concentration of Mn in the surface of the aerogel increases its efficiency to transform ozone into (*)OH radicals, with an Rct value ([OH]/[O(3)]) of 5.36 x 10(-8) for the aerogel doped with 16% of surface Mn(II) compared to an R(ct) of 2.68 x 10(-9) for conventional ozonation. Regardless of the aerogel used, XPS analysis of the ozonated aerogel samples showed an increase in the concentration of surface oxygen when the exposure to ozone was longer. However, presence of oxidized metal species after ozone treatment was only detected in the case of the Mn-doped aerogel, (Mn(III) and Mn(IV)). CO(2) activation of carbon aerogel produced a marked increase in its efficiency to transform ozone into (*)OH radicals compared with non-activated sample. The efficiency of Mn activated carbon aerogel to transform ozone into (*)OH radicals was greater than that of Witco commercial activated carbon or H(2)O(2) in the ozonation of water from Lake Zurich (Zurich, Switzerland).     

Progress and perspectives of sludge ozonation as a powerful pretreatment method for minimization of excess sludge production

The treatment and disposal of excess sludge represents a bottleneck in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) worldwide, due to environmental, economic, social and legal factors. The ideal solution to the problem of sludge disposal is to combine sludge reduction with the removal of pollution at the source. This paper presents an overview of the potential of ozonation in sludge reduction. The full-scale application of ozonation in excess sludge reduction is presented. Improvements in the biodegradability of the ozonated sludge were confirmed. The introduction of ozonation into activated sludge did not significantly influence effluent quality but improved the settling properties of the sludge. An operation with a suitable sludge wasting ratio seems to be necessary to prevent accumulation of inorganic and inert particles for long-term operation. Sludge ozonation to reduce excess sludge production may be economical in WWTP which have high sludge disposal costs and operational problems such as sludge foaming and bulking. The recommended ozone dose ranges from 0.03 to 0.05 g O₃/g TSS, which is appropriate to achieve a balance between sludge reduction efficiency and cost. An effort to design and optimize an economic sludge reduction process is necessary.     

臭氧与活性炭深度处理微污染原水试验研究

采用"预臭氧氧化 常规处理 GAC/O3-BAC深度处理"工艺针对南方某市微污染原水进行中试研究.结果表明:预臭氧能明显提高浊度、有机物和THMFP的去除效果,在此条件下常规出水浊度平均值＜O.1 NTU,与无预处理相比,CODMn去除率提高17.52%,氯消毒后CHCl3浓度降低86.4%;O3-BAC工艺对有机物、CHCl3的去除效果和吸附寿命均优于GAC工艺,但生物膜的脱落会影响浊度的去除效果;随着炭床厚度增加,GAC滤池中,CODMn呈线性降低,而BAC滤池中,上部500～1 000 mm厚度内,CODMn快速降低并稳定在一定的水平上.     

Ozonation kinetics of winery wastewater in a pilot-scale bubble column reactor

The degradation of organic substances present in winery wastewater was studied in a pilot-scale, bubble column ozonation reactor. A steady reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed under the action of ozone at the natural pH of the wastewater (pH 4). At alkaline and neutral pH the degradation rate was accelerated by the formation of radical species from the decomposition of ozone. Furthermore, the reaction of hydrogen peroxide (formed from natural organic matter in the wastewater) and ozone enhances the oxidation capacity of the ozonation process. The monitoring of pH, redox potential (ORP), UV absorbance (254 nm), polyphenol content and ozone consumption was correlated with the oxidation of the organic species in the water. The ozonation of winery wastewater in the bubble column was analysed in terms of a mole balance coupled with ozonation kinetics modeled by the two-film theory of mass transfer and chemical reaction. It was determined that the ozonation reaction can develop both in and across different kinetic regimes: fast, moderate and slow, depending on the experimental conditions. The dynamic change of the rate coefficient estimated by the model was correlated with changes in the water composition and oxidant species.     

Ozonation/Post-Chlorination of Humic Acid: A Model for Predicting Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products

Experiments were performed to evaluate disinfection by-products in model humic acid solutions which were ozonated at three different ozone to carbon levels and then chlorinated. These experiments were conducted in order to help understand whether the ozone/post-chlorination process alters the amount and type of mutagenic by-products formed, from those produced by chlorination of humic acid alone. Disinfection by-products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Samples of clarified and sand-filtered Mississippi River water at a pilotscale drinking water treatment plant in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, that were ozonated and post-disinfected with chlorine, also were analyzed by GC/MS. A comparison of the by-products in the pilot plant study versus those in our laboratory study showed that similar compounds were produced. The effect of bromide ion in the pilot plant water on by-product formation also is discussed.     

废水中氨及甲苯的O3／H2O2氧化降解及其动力学

研究了废水中的无机污染物氨和有机污染物甲苯在Ｏ３／Ｈ２Ｏ２ 中的氧化降解过程。根据Ｏ３／Ｈ２Ｏ２ 反应产生自由基ＯＨ·的机理和污染物在Ｏ３／Ｈ２Ｏ２ 中的氧化降解过程,推导出污染物被Ｏ３／Ｈ２Ｏ２氧化降解时的动力学模型,实验结果与理论模型相符。     

Degradation of Phenolic Compounds in Aqueous Sucrose Solutions by Ozonation

The sugar industry is concerned with color formation due to the oxidation of phenolic compounds in the presence of carbohydrates. In this study, we investigated the ozonation of a mixture of five phenolic compounds in water and aqueous sucrose solution: p-coumaric (p-COU), caffeic (CAF), syringic (SYR), and chlorogenic (CHO) acids, as well as the flavonoid quercetin (QUE). The experiments were carried out in a 3-L glass reactor with magnetic stirring and a diffuser plate at the bottom to feed the ozone-oxygen gas mixture. Initial solution concentrations of 5 mg L?1 of each acid, 15 mg L?1 of quercetin, and 40 g L?1 of sucrose were used. The degradation of phenolic compounds followed apparent first-order kinetics, with rate constants and percent removals decreasing in the presence of sucrose. In water, average consumed ozone dosages of 10.4 and 18.7 mg L?1 were necessary for 50% and 90% removals, respectively, for CHO, CAF, and p-COU; for QUE they were slightly higher (13.9 and 20.5 mg L?1, respectively). At a consumed dosage of 20.8 mg O3 L?1, more than 99% removal was obtained for CHO, CAF, and p-COU, while 96.2% was achieved for SYR. In contrast, QUE revealed to be more recalcitrant during ozonation in the absence of sucrose, with only 70% removal at the highest consumed O3 dosage. The consumed ozone dosages for 50% and 90% removals were higher for CHO, CAF, and p-COU in aqueous sucrose solution, which may impact ozone consumption during real sugarcane juice treatment. Sucrose and t-butanol were the main influential parameters that significantly affected the total amount of phenolic compounds degraded.