企业经营中的辩证法

任何事物都受唯物辩证法规律的支配,企业的经营管理也不例外。企业自觉地按辩证法办事,在经营中就会不断创新,获取更多的利润。     

A pricing-based location model for deploying a hydrogen fueling station network

We propose an innovative two-step Pricing-Based Location strategy for the rollout of new hydrogen fueling stations. A first model maximizes the profit of a new station with a price p¹ which corresponds to a design capacity supplying a given market share (n¹ customers). According to these findings and with the objective of deploying an extensive network, a second model searches for a suitable location as remote as possible from existing competitors, but as close as possible to just n¹ demand locations. This problem is solved by an agent-based model integrating the Particle Swarm Optimization metaheuristic and a Geographic Information System representing the geospatial distribution of customer demand. We apply this model to the city of Paris by locating additional stations across the city one by one to supply a growing captive fleet of taxis and other transport operators in the future.     

The role of price as a product attribute in the organic food context: An exploration based on actual purchase data

High prices are often quoted as an obstacle to consumer purchase of organic food products. This article investigates the market performance of organic food products at different price levels and whether high price is necessarily a disadvantage for organic food products, especially with regard to generating repeat purchase. Based on analyses of panel purchase data from 2011 in Denmark, the study explores the effects of production method (organic vs. conventional) and price on consumers’ repeat purchase and cross-purchase across four product categories: red meat, chicken, milk and hard cheese. Results show that a high price is a disadvantage for generating repeat purchase of organic food products. Although organic products enjoy higher repeat purchase than conventional products overall, a high price generates less repeat purchase of organic products than a low or a medium price in all product categories; whereas in the case of conventional food products the situation is the reverse. At the same time, the cross-purchase analysis reveals that consumers who buy organic products from the high price tier are less likely to switch to other price tiers than consumers who buy low or medium price organic products (i.e. there is a spillover of high price organic food purchases to other product categories). Implications for pricing strategies for organic food products are discussed.     

The taxation effect on gasoline price asymmetry nexus: Evidence from both sides of the Atlantic

This paper explores the degree of competition in various gasoline markets and infers possible causes of price asymmetry across the globe. For this purpose we use the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square method in order to estimate price asymmetry in twelve European countries and the United States for a sample of weekly observations which spans the period from June 1996 to August 2011. The results indicate the common perception that less competitive gasoline markets exhibit price asymmetry, while highly competitive gasoline markets follow a symmetric price adjustment path. Finally, the inclusion of taxes (VAT and excise tax) into retail gasoline prices, supports the existence of price asymmetry in many European countries.     

Price development of photovoltaic modules,inverters, and systems in the Netherlands in 2012

Since 2010 the Dutch photovoltaic (PV) market has been growing fast, with around doubling of installed capacity in 2011 and 2012. Four quarterly inventories have been made in 2012 for modules, inverters, and systems that are presently available for purchase in the Netherlands. We have found that the average selling price of modules, inverters, and systems decreased with 44.3, 14, and 7.3–10.2%, respectively: average selling prices are 1.26 €/Wp, 0.41 €/Wp, and 1.46 €/Wp for modules, inverters, and systems on tilted roofs, respectively, at the end of 2012. Average installation costs amount to 0.43 €/Wp. Using an energy yield of 900 kWh/kWp, 25 years system lifetime, 6% discount rate, and 1% operation and maintenance (O&M) cost, a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is calculated for a 2.5 kWp system to be 0.194 €/kWh for a system price of 1.98 €/Wp (including installation). Grid parity conditions are apparent, with electricity retail prices of around 0.23 €/kWh.     

Credit Constraints and Price Expectations of Homeowners

This paper examines the effect of credit constraints on the sale price expectations of homeowners. We extend the results of Genesove and Mayer (1997) by using a sample of mover and non-mover families living in the Netherlands—a country without formal down-payment requirements. We find that homeowners who are more credit constrained expect to sell their house for a higher price. Homeowners already seem to compensate for credit constraints at the very first stages of the transaction process. These results imply that the findings of Genesove and Mayer (1997) are much more generally applicable than previously considered.     

Generation bidding strategy in a pool based electricity market using Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm

In an electricity market generation companies need suitable bidding models to maximize their profits. Therefore, each supplier will bid strategically for choosing the bidding coefficients to counter the competitors bidding strategy. In this paper optimal bidding strategy problem is solved using a novel algorithm based on Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA). It is memetic meta-heuristic that is designed to seek a global optimal solution by performing a heuristic search. It combines the benefits of the Genetic-based Memetic Algorithm (MA) and the social behavior-based Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Due to this it has better precise search which avoids premature convergence and selection of operators. Therefore, the proposed method overcomes the short comings of selection of operators and premature convergence of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and PSO method. Important merit of the proposed SFALA is that faster convergence. The proposed method is numerically verified through computer simulations on IEEE 30-bus system consist of 6 suppliers and practical 75-bus Indian system consist of 15 suppliers. The result shows that SFLA takes less computational time and producing higher profits compared to Fuzzy Adaptive PSO (FAPSO), PSO and GA.     

The effects of the energy price reform on households consumption in Iran

The substantial subsidizing of energy prices over the years has led to high energy consumption, inefficiencies, fiscal pressures, and environmental problems in Iran. To address the increasing socio-economic problems associated with the energy subsidies, the government embarked on an aggressive energy price reform through which energy subsidies were removed and cash handouts were given to all households in 2010. In this paper, I analyze the effectiveness of the energy price reform in Iran by estimating energy demand elasticities for households in different income groups. I apply a two-stage consumer optimization model and estimate the system of energy expenditures shares using the household budget survey data for the period 2001–2008. The results show that the overall price elasticities of demand are small, but income elasticities are close to one. The results also indicate heterogeneous responses to energy price and income changes in different income groups. Specifically, the urban households show stronger response to price changes, but rural households, particularly mid-income households, to income changes. These findings suggest that the current policy of price increases would not solely be able to reduce energy consumption and, therefore, it should be geared towards increasing energy efficiency through a series of price and non-price measures.     

一种改进的最优化流控模型

在前人提出的最优化流控模型的基础上,采用非线性优化理论中的DFP算法计算链路价格,提出了一种改进的最优化流控模型。     

基于MAPGIS的城市地价动态监测管理系统的实现

现阶段地价动态监测工作基本依赖手工进行,仅仅停留在对监测数据的计算上,没有考虑利用GIS技术,工作周期长,严重影响着地价监测工作的科学性和高效率.本文设计开发一个基于GIS的城市地价动态监测信息系统,旨在实现对地价数据的有效管理和充分利用,提高地价监测和更新工作准确性、科学性和实时性,还分析了各个功能的设计与实现,例如工程管理功能、地价监测功能、地价分析与预警功能等.