面向事实性问题的答案选择技术研究综述

答案选择是问答系统的一个关键步骤,它的任务是从候选答案集中选择出最佳答案返给用户,其主要研究内容包括答案选择的标准、方法及评价。该文首先介绍了主要的答案选择标准,分析了答案选择标准与问答系统评测之间的关系。然后将答案选择策略分为基于冗余的策略、基于相似性的策略和基于推理的策略,分别对每种策略的主要答案选择方法和特点进行了概述。随后又介绍了答案选择的评价指标及答案验证评测。最后讨论了答案选择所面临的主要问题,并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

常用的基于控制流的测试充分性准则

本文介绍了几种在软件测试中常用的基于控制流的测试充分性评价准则。这些测试充分性准则适用于用过程式语言、面向对象语言编写的程序。测试人员可用这些准则判断究竟测试了多少代码,还有多少代码未测试到。     

Evaluating choice in universal access: an example from rehabilitation robotics

This paper describes a technique using dimensional analysis that so far has been rarely, if ever, used in studies of universal access. However, this procedure can produce a robust decision support process for inclusive designs. In this paper, it is applied to a case study of a wheelchair robot computer interface with choices in data input methods, addressing disparate requirements of different groups of intended users. The main underlying issue is to combine technical measurements, speed of operation and cost with subjective opinion. It turns out that Braglia’s method has greater robustness in determining rank compared to standard techniques. In this, case a simple switch was rated better than a mouse or voice operation for control.     

A class of classification and regression methods by multiobjective programming

An extensive review for the recent developments of multiple criteria linear programming data mining models is provided in this paper. These researches, which include classification and regression methods, are introduced in a systematic way. Some applications of these methods to real-world problems are also involved in this paper. This paper is a summary and reference of multiple criteria linear programming methods that might be helpful for researchers and applications in data mining.     

基于改进三角模糊VIKOR法的用户储能系统配置方案综合评估

针对不确定环境下用户储能系统配置方案评估决策,提出一种基于改进三角模糊多准则妥协解排序(VIKOR)法的评估模型。首先,运用扎根理论构建评估指标集,并采用灰色关联-粗糙集方法进行指标筛选,形成评估指标体系。然后,采用主、客观相结合的方法计算指标组合权重,以提高其准确性,其中主观权重由模糊层次分析(FAHP)法求得,客观赋权法由改进标准间重要性相关性(CRITIC)法求得。最后,考虑指标之间的冲突性与模糊性,运用改进三角模糊VIKOR法对配置方案评估与排序比选。通过仿真分析,验证了本文所建模型的有效性和可行性。     

Predicting whether a material is ductile or brittle

In this paper we discuss the various models that have been used to predict whether a material will tend to be ductile or brittle. The most widely used is the Pugh ratio, $G/K$, but we also examine the Cauchy pressure as defined by Pettifor, a combined criterion proposed by Niu, the Rice and Thomson model, the Rice model, and the Zhou-Carlsson-Thomson model. We argue that no simple model that works on the basis of simple relations of bulk polycrystalline properties can represent the failure mode of different materials, particularly where geometric effects occur, such as small sample sizes. Instead the processes of flow and fracture must be considered in detail for each material structure, in particular the effects of crystal structure on these processes.     

Master‐slave synchronization for delayed Lur'e systems using time‐delay feedback control

This paper deals with the problem of designing delayed feedback controllers of master‐slave synchronization for Lur'e systems with time‐variant delay (0≤τ₀≤τ(t)≤τ_m). Through partitioning the intervals [0, τ₀] and [τ₀, τ_m], respectively, and choosing two augmented Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functionals(LKFs), two delay‐dependent synchronization criteria are formulated in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), in which the conservatism can be greatly reduced by thinning the partitioning of delay intervals and employing convex combination. Thus the sufficient conditions can be derived for the existence of delayed feedback controllers, and the controller gain matrices can be achieved by solving the established LMIs. Finally, three numerical examples are given to illustrate the presented synchronization schemes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

Students’ expectations of,and experiences in e-learning: Their relation to learning achievements and course satisfaction

Within only a few years, the use of e-learning has increased rapidly in Austria. In certain subjects, up to 60% of university students report using e-learning platforms at least ‘sometimes’ or ‘frequently’ (Unger & Wroblewski, 2006). Yet, which aspects of e-learning do students consider important for their learning achievements and course satisfaction? This question was addressed by surveying 2196 students from 29 universities in Austria about their expectations of, and experiences in e-learning. Multiple regression analyses using Mplus 4.21 were carried out to investigate how different facets of students’ expectations and experiences are related to perceived learning achievements and course satisfaction.     

Exponential stability and exponential stabilization of singularly perturbed stochastic systems with time‐varying delay

In this paper, the problems of exponential stability and exponential stabilization for linear singularly perturbed stochastic systems with time‐varying delay are investigated. First, an appropriate Lyapunov functional is introduced to establish an improved delay‐dependent stability criterion. By applying free‐weighting matrix technique and by equivalently eliminating time‐varying delay through the idea of convex combination, a less conservative sufficient condition for exponential stability in mean square is obtained in terms of ε‐dependent linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). It is shown that if this set of LMIs for ε=0 are feasible then the system is exponentially stable in mean square for sufficiently small ε?0. Furthermore, it is shown that if a certain matrix variable in this set of LMIs is chosen to be a special form and the resulting LMIs are feasible for ε=0, then the system is ε‐uniformly exponentially stable for all sufficiently small ε?0. Based on the stability criteria, an ε‐independent state‐feedback controller that stabilizes the system for sufficiently small ε?0 is derived. Finally, numerical examples are presented, which show our results are effective and useful. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved delay‐dependent absolute stability and robust stability for a class of nonlinear systems with a time‐varying delay

This paper investigates the problem of the absolute stability of Lur'e systems with a time‐varying delay. By considering the relationships among the time‐varying delay, its upper bound, and the difference between them, less conservative delay‐dependent stability criteria are obtained and formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities, without ignoring any useful terms in the derivative of a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. Numerical example shows that the results obtained in this paper are better than the previous results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.