聚丙烯中空纤维膜组件分离烟气中的CO2

膜吸收法在大型工业燃煤电厂二氧化碳（CO2）捕集方面具有很好的应用前景,但烟气组分对该技术效果影响还有待进一步研究。本文以单乙醇胺（MEA）为吸收剂,开展了疏水性聚丙烯（PP）中空纤维膜组件分离模拟烟气中的CO2的实验研究,考察了吸收操作条件以及燃煤烟气中水汽和SO2对膜组件吸收效率的影响。结果表明,试验的最佳液气比为24 L/m3;MEA的浓度为0.6 mol/L;膜组件进口的温度变化对吸收效率基本没有影响;CO2的浓度在10%～20%内变动对吸收效率影响不大。与CO2相比,SO2会优先发生吸收作用,而水汽则会吸附在聚丙烯中空纤维膜组件的孔壁上,产生毛细管凝聚现象,阻塞CO2的渗透吸收。     

吸湿性PPS共混母粒的制备及性能研究

采用纳米SiO2、间苯二甲酸-5-磺酸钠(5-SSIPA)与聚苯硫醚(PPS)共混,利用双螺杆挤出机制备纳米SiO2/5-SSIPA/PPS共混母粒,采用差示扫描量热仪和扫描电子显微镜研究了纯PPS,SiO2/PPS,5-SSIPA/PPS以及SiO2/5-SSIPA/PPS母粒的吸湿性、热性能和分散性。结果表明:SiO2/5-SSIPA的协同作用较单独添加SiO2和5-SSIPA提高PPS母粒的吸湿性更为显著;随着SiO2/5-SSIPA含量的增加,PPS母粒的吸湿性提高,SiO2/5-SSIPA质量分数为9%时,PPS母粒的含水率达2.7%;SiO2/5-SSIP质量分数为6%时,共混体系的分散性最好;SiO2/5-SSIPA的添加改变了PPS母粒的熔融和结晶行为;在制备吸湿性PPS母粒时,添加纳米SiO2/5-SSIPA按质量比3/5混合,SiO2/5-SSIPA质量分数6%为宜。     

钛白粉生产工艺优化与设备改进

某公司1.5万t/a硫酸法钛白粉生产工艺存在“三废”排放量大、能耗高、生产成本居高不下等问题。针对以上问题对钛白粉生产工艺进行了优化,对设备进行了改造,主要包括酸解反应过程、煅烧尾气处理过程以及转窑系统等,最大程度地降低了钛白粉的生产成本。实践结果表明：将废酸回用于酸解反应,可将酸解率提高并稳定在95%以上,每吨钛白粉硫酸消耗从4.52 t下降到4.25 t;将偏钛酸二次洗水用作煅烧尾气喷淋水再回用到偏钛酸一次洗水,每年可节约蒸汽5.9×10³ t;改造转窑系统,提高了燃烧效率,每吨钛白粉煤气消耗从780 m³降至533 m³。通过以上工艺优化和设备改进,累计可降低钛白粉生产成本912.8元/t。     

Correlation of Mass Transfer Coefficients in Supercritical CO2 Separation Process

Weighted least squares and error-in-variable statistical methods were used to minimize variations in the experimental data set obtained from literature, and were used to validate Models I and II, S h′ = 0.0015(R e ^1/2 S c ^1/3)^2.58 and S h′ = 0.00084(R e ^0.4299 S c ^0.8783), respectively. Published data were used for the empirical estimation of mass transfer coefficients in separation processes in fixed bed systems using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with low molecular diffusion. Model I gained accuracy when the Schmidt Number Sc is high (> 70) and the molecular diffusion is weak. The exponential ratio of the Re and Sc of Model II differed from the common ratio of 3:2; however, the exponents of the Sc are unique for both Models I and II.     

The TiO2–Clay-LDPE Nanocomposite Packaging Films: Investigation on the Structure and Physicomechanical Properties

The role of nanoclays and TiO₂ nanoparticle loadings were investigated on low density polyethylene crystalline structure, in addition to studying packaging film properties such as barrier, thermal and mechanical properties. The polymer crystal study indicated for the orthorhombic crystal phase and about 20% lower degree of crystallinity for nanocomposites containing more than 2 wt.% TiO₂ nanoparticles. Based on the X-ray diffraction technique, the dispersion of nanoclays was improved to almost good degree of clay exfoliation with the company of 4 wt.% TiO₂ nanoparticles. In agreement with XRD results, the TEM morphological studies mainly suggest that TiO₂ has a helpful effect on nanoclay exfoliation. The increase in degradation temperature of nanocomposites may be attributed to the formation of inorganic char on polymer melt. The barrier properties of TiO₂/clay nanocomposite packaging films depend mainly on nanoclay loading with an unclear trend from TiO₂ nanoparticles. The increase in elastic modulus and the yield stress of nanocomposite films showed great effects on film mechanical properties by nanoclays.     

Performance of a UV‐assisted Hydrogen‐peroxide‐fed Spray Tower for Sulfur Dioxide Abatement

Spray towers are widely used for controlling air pollution by gases such as SO₂, CO₂, NO_x, and HCl. Results of sulfur dioxide absorption in a spray tower using solutions of 1 g L^–1 and 2 g L^–1 of hydrogen peroxide are reported. For comparison, a water and sodium hydroxide solution was also used for SO₂ abatement. The results indicate that H₂O₂ may be an important alternative for SO₂ removal in spray towers. A set of experimental removal efficiency data was obtained as a function of gas and liquid flow rates. Volumetric mass transfer coefficients (k_ga) were calculated and an experimental relationship among k_ga, gas, and liquid flow rates was proposed. As a final experiment, an oxidation process assisted by UV radiation using a 1 g L^–1 solution of H₂O₂ was carried out to speed up the SO₂ removal rate. The results obtained in this condition are similar to those achieved with a solution of 2 g L^–1 H₂O₂.     

Modelling carbon dioxide solubility in ionic liquids

Solubility information for CO₂ in different ionic liquids, ILs, in part can potentially be used to select a specific IL for the separation of CO₂ from hydrocarbon fluids. Unfortunately, not all CO₂–IL systems have been experimentally described at similar temperatures and pressures; therefore, a direct comparison of performance by process simulation is not always possible. In the extreme cases, the design of a CO₂ separation process may require predicting the CO₂–IL equilibria for which there are no available solubility data. To address the need for this information, a semi‐empirical correlation was developed to estimate the dissolution of CO₂ in CO₂–IL solvent systems. The theoretical COSMO–RS calculation method was used to calculate the chemical potential of CO₂ in a wide variety of ILs and the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation was used to calculate the fugacity coefficient of the CO₂ vapour phase. The model was correlated with available literature data, yielding an average error of AAR = 23% and small bias. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Modelling of multicomponent gas separation with asymmetric hollow fibre membranes—methane enrichment from biogas

A mathematical model for the dynamic performance of gas separation with high flux, asymmetric hollow fibre membranes was developed considering the permeate pressure build‐up inside the fibre bore and cross flow pattern with respect to the membrane skin. The solution technique provides reliable examination of pressure and concentration profiles along the permeator length (both residue/permeate streams) with minimal effort. The proposed simulation model and scheme were validated with experimental data of gas separation from literature. The model and solution technique were applied to investigate dynamic performance of several membrane module configurations for methane recovery from biogas (landfill gas or digester gas), considering biogas as a mixture of CO₂, N₂ and CH₄. Recycle ratio plays a crucial role, and optimum recycle ratio vital for the retentate recycle to permeate and permeate recycle to feed operation was found. From the concept of two recycle operations, complexities involved in the design and operation of continuous membrane column were simplified. Membrane permselectivity required for a targeted separation to produce pipeline quality natural gas by methane‐selective or nitrogen‐selective membranes was calculated. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Effect of In Situ Polymerization of Styrene onto Natural Rubber on Adhesion Properties of Styrene-Natural Rubber (SNR) Adhesives

Styrene-based deproteinized natural rubber (SNR) latex was synthesized by in situ polymerization. Three pre-vulcanization systems [conventional-cured (CV), semi-efficient-cured (Semi-EV), and efficient-cured (EV)] were studied in terms of tensile and adhesion properties. Good tensile properties were observed for CV and EV SNR. The Semi-EV SNR showed the best adhesion properties based on the good anchorage performance in all substrate pairings (polystyrene–polystyrene, polystyrene–rubber, and rubber–rubber). The pH modification on SNR latex via KOH addition has beneficial effects of removing protein layers, resulting in more styrene grafting sites in the rubber molecules. Consequently, the tensile and adhesion properties of the SNR are improved as more styrene polymers are grafted onto the rubber matrix. Semi-EV SNR with pH 12 has superior adhesive performance; hence, it is suitable for use as a pressure-sensitive adhesive.