增强燃烧室内空气紊流降低柴油机油耗,噪声及有害排放物的研究

柴油机燃烧室中空气紊流运动对促进燃烧有重要作用。为改善Ｘ４１０５Ｂ柴油机性能，作采用了高紊流的“Ｑｕａｄｒａｍ”型燃烧室。通过合理选择进气涡流强度、供油速率和供油提前角，取得了良好的效果。不仅改善了燃油经济性，减小了烟度，而且降低了其排放物和噪声。     

微重力条件下粉尘燃烧机理研究

由落塔仓产生的微重力提供了一种独特的环境 ,可克服粉尘云在地面实验时因受重力影响而产生的沉降现象 ,使封闭容器内的整个燃烧过程能维持粉尘云的稳定悬浮 ,保证粉尘燃烧机理的实验研究中粉尘的实际浓度与初始名义浓度相符 ,令粉尘浓度名符其实地成为一个独立参变量。在 12 m落塔提供的 10 - 2 g,1.2 s微重力环境下对球形铝粉 (d50 =7μm)与球形玉米粉 (d50 =2 0μm)两种粉尘的等容燃烧特性进行了系统的实验研究。实验结果经与地面实验结果进行比较与分析后定量给出了粉尘浓度保持不变时 ,粉尘爆炸特性随扬尘湍流强度衰减而变化的规律以及在地面上重力沉降令粉尘浓度变小后对粉尘爆炸特性的影响。最后还讨论了实验容器过小而引起的部分实验数据失真的原因。     

Film cooling effectiveness: Comparison of adiabatic and conjugate heat transfer CFD models

This paper documents a computational investigation of the film cooling effectiveness of a 3-D gas turbine endwall with one fan-shaped cooling hole. The simulations were performed for adiabatic and conjugate heat transfer models. Turbulence closure was investigated using three different turbulence models: the realizable k–ε model, the SST k–ω model, as well as the v²–f turbulence model. Results were obtained for a blowing ratio of one, and a coolant-to-mainflow temperature ratio of 0.54. The simulations used a dense, high quality, O-type, hexahedral grid with three different schemes of meshing for the cooling hole: hexahedral-, hybrid-, and tetrahedral-topology grid. The computed flow/temperature fields are presented, in addition to local, two-dimensional distribution of film cooling effectiveness for the adiabatic and conjugate cases. Results are compared to experimental data in terms of centerline film cooling effectiveness downstream cooling-hole, the predictions with realizable k–ε turbulence model exhibited the best agreement especially in the region for (2 ≤ x/D ≤ 6). Also, the results show the effect of the conjugate heat transfer on the temperature (effectiveness) field in the film cooling hole region and, thus, the additional heating up of the cooling jet itself.     

三角形排列的紧密栅元棒束内流动行为的数值模拟

对三角形排列紧密栅元通道内的空气湍流流动进行了数值研究,系统考察了涡粘性和雷诺应力两类湍流模型模拟紧密栅元通道内流动特征的适用性.结果表明:SSG雷诺应力模型对流动有较好的模拟,这说明湍流各项异性的模拟在紧密栅元中十分重要;不同雷诺数和几何结构下的模拟显示,二次流的大小和雷诺数的相关性不大.但随着棒间距和棒径比(P/D)的增大,二次流减小.     

A method for the determination of turbulence intensity by means of a fast response pressure probe and its application in a LP turbine

This paper describes the measurements and the post-processing procedure adopted for the determination of the turbulence intensity in a low pressure turbine (LPT) by means of a single sensor fast response aerodynamic pressure probe. The rig was designed in cooperation with MTU Aero Engines and considerable efforts were put into the adjustment of all relevant model parameters. Blade count ratio, airfoil aspect ratio, reduced massflow, reduced speed, inlet turbulence intensity and Reynolds numbers were chosen to reproduce the full scale LP turbine. Measurements were performed adopting a phase-locked acquisition technique in order to provide the time resolved flow field downstream of the turbine rotor. The total pressure random fluctuations are obtained by selectively filtering, in the frequency domain, the deterministic unsteadiness due to the rotor blades and coherent structures. The turbulence intensity is derived from the inverse Fourier transform and the correlations between total pressure and velocity fluctuations. The determination of the turbulence intensity allows the discussion of the interaction processes between the stator and rotor for engine-representative operating conditions of the turbine.     

Turbulence and combustion interaction: High resolution local flame front structure visualization using simultaneous single-shot PLIF imaging of CH, OH, and CH2O in a piloted premixed jet flame

High resolution planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was applied to investigate the local flame front structures of turbulent premixed methane/air jet flames in order to reveal details about turbulence and flame interaction. The targeted turbulent flames were generated on a specially designed coaxial jet burner, in which low speed stoichiometric gas mixture was fed through the outer large tube to provide a laminar pilot flame for stabilization of the high speed jet flame issued through the small inner tube. By varying the inner tube flow speed and keeping the mixture composition as that of the outer tube, different flames were obtained covering both the laminar and turbulent flame regimes with different turbulent intensities. Simultaneous CH/CH₂O, and also OH PLIF images were recorded to characterize the influence of turbulence eddies on the reaction zone structure, with a spatial resolution of about 40 μm and temporal resolution of around 10 ns. Under all experimental conditions, the CH radicals were found to exist only in a thin layer; the CH₂O were found in the inner flame whereas the OH radicals were seen in the outer flame with the thin CH layer separating the OH and CH₂O layers. The outer OH layer is thick and it corresponds to the oxidation zone and post-flame zone; the CH₂O layer is thin in laminar flows; it becomes broad at high speed turbulent flow conditions. This phenomenon was analyzed using chemical kinetic calculations and eddy/flame interaction theory. It appears that under high turbulence intensity conditions, the small eddies in the preheat zone can transport species such as CH₂O from the reaction zones to the preheat zone. The CH₂O species are not consumed in the preheat zone due to the absence of H, O, and OH radicals by which CH₂O is to be oxidized. The CH radicals cannot exist in the preheat zone due to the rapid reactions of this species with O₂ and CO₂ in the inner-layer of the reaction zones. The local PLIF intensities were evaluated using an area integrated PLIF signal. Substantial increase of the CH₂O signal and decrease of CH signal was observed as the jet velocity increases. These observations raise new challenges to the current flamelet type models.     

Computations of shear driven vortex flow in a cylindrical cavity using a modified k-ε turbulence model

In this paper, a new variant of the k-ε turbulence model (Saqr et al., CFD Letters, 1(2) pp. 87–94) is used to compute the shear driven vortex flow in an open cylindrical cavity. The results are compared with published LDA measurements for such flow configuration. The modified turbulence model demonstrated good agreement with experimental results, which further supports its validity in computing vortex dominated flows.     

内燃机燃烧火焰的分形特征研究

介绍了发动机湍流预混燃烧火焰分形研究的进展,分析了湍流火焰分维测量的数盒子法、修正数盒子法及其优缺点,讨论了火焰特征尺度、内外截点的尺度及维数D与各参数之间的关系。     

湍流值对风电功率预测的影响与分析

风电功率预测是缓解弃风现象的有效手段。文中针对风电波动性,提出了一种在模糊C均值聚类算法(Fuzzy C-Means algorithm,FCM)中引入湍流值IT的风电功率预测方法。在FCM算法中引入湍流值IT对训练样本进行聚类,可以进一步增强训练样本与预测样本间的相似性,避免因训练样本减少,导致风电功率波动性影响能力增大的情况。以山西某风电场实测数据为依据,在MATLAB平台上通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)对FCM的聚类结果进行训练和预测,仿真结果表明,FCM-IT-SVM能有效增强风电功率的相似性,减小预测误差。     

COMPUTATION OF THE FLOW FIELD IN A RECIRCULATING TURBULENT GAS JET

As part of an overall investigation of flash-smelting processes, numerical computations were performed for the turbulent recirculating flow field of a gas jet in a confined cylindrical system. The two-equation (k - e) model was used to describe turbulence. The two-dimensional elliptic partial differential equations cast into finite difference forms were solved by the TEACH code (Gosman and Pun, 1973), and the pressure field was computed by the SIMPLER method (Patankar, 1980). Various correlations for the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy at the inlet were tested, and the relation yielding the best results was obtained as E= C_μK^1.5/(0.015d_e where d_e = 4 x hydraulic radius. Extensive comparisons have been made between the computed results using the proposed form of e at the inlet and experimental data taken from the literature. Much better predictions than previously possible have been obtained