Context matters: The structure of task goals affects accuracy in multiple-target visual search

Career visual searchers such as radiologists and airport security screeners strive to conduct accurate visual searches, but despite extensive training, errors still occur. A key difference between searches in radiology and airport security is the structure of the search task: Radiologists typically scan a certain number of medical images (fixed objective), and airport security screeners typically search X-rays for a specified time period (fixed duration). Might these structural differences affect accuracy? We compared performance on a search task administered either under constraints that approximated radiology or airport security. Some displays contained more than one target because the presence of multiple targets is an established source of errors for career searchers, and accuracy for additional targets tends to be especially sensitive to contextual conditions. Results indicate that participants searching within the fixed objective framework produced more multiple-target search errors; thus, adopting a fixed duration framework could improve accuracy for career searchers.     

二元混合氯化盐的配制及热物性研究

在太阳能热发电技术中,硝酸盐类相变材料是使用最多的一种相变材料,但其最高使用温度仅为600 ℃,因此找到一种热容量大、工作温度范围宽、热损失低、价格便宜的相变储热材料是目前的研究重点。选取氯化锂和氯化钠两种高温熔盐相变材料按照不同的质量比混合制备了9种二元熔盐混合物,利用差式扫描量热仪（DSC）对其在600 ℃范围内的相变温度和相变潜热进行了研究。实验结果显示：由于氯化钠的熔点较高,当氯化锂和氯化钠的二元混合物中氯化钠的含量较多时,即氯化锂的含量较少时,少量的氯化锂不能将混合物的熔点降低至600 ℃以下,混合材料无法熔化;当氯化钠和氯化锂发生熔融时,无论何种比例其相变温度均保持在540 ℃左右,浮动±15 ℃;以质量配比为90%氯化锂-10%氯化钠的二元混合物的熔融温度与结晶温度相差较大,所以该二元混合熔盐可以应用于太阳能发电的传热和蓄热技术中。     

Simulation of Climate Change Effects on Hydropower Operations in Mountain Headwater Lakes,New Zealand

Future climate change is expected to have wide ranging impacts on the hydrology of mountain rivers because of changes in the magnitudes and timing of rain and snow, as well as the significant spatial variability of topography and other catchment characteristics. In New Zealand, hydropower generation in mountain basins is the primary source of electricity and renewable energy resource in the country. The goal of this study was to simulate and evaluate the potential effects of climate change on hydropower operations in three mountain headwater lakes (lakes Pukaki, Tekapo, and Ohau) in the Upper Waitaki Basin of the central South Island. The TopNet hydrological model was used to estimate catchment runoff and lake inflows based on the 1990s (baseline), 2040s, and 2090s periods. Average temperature and precipitation results from an ensemble of 12 Global Circulation Models based on the IPCC 4th Assessment Report A1B emissions scenario were used as input to TopNet. Linked hydropower lake water balance models were developed and used to simulate hydropower operations including discharge, hydroelectric power generation, and spill based on TopNet future inflow predictions, projected electricity demand, and lake storage and outflow characteristics. Our results indicate that annual lake inflows increase under future climate scenarios, but that there are seasonal effects with increasing flows in winter and early spring, and summer flows decreasing somewhat as a result of increasing temperatures and greater winter rain with less snow. Although overall hydropower generation can increase with the increasing flows and projected electricity demand, the seasonal changes result in demand being met in winter and spring with potential shortfalls in summer and autumn. Maximum annual generation can be achieved for some generating stations, but generation will decrease at other stations and more spill will likely be required through the 2090s because of the seasonal changes. Therefore flood and drought risk could also increase for downstream areas. Results also indicate that by the 2090s electricity demand could exceed generation capacity for these headwater lakes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近40年来中国西北内陆5个典型湖泊面积变化遥感分析

在全球气候变暖的背景下,研究中国西北内陆地区湖泊的面积变化不仅对水资源管理和可持续发展战略有着重要意义,也为评价气候变化与人类活动对湖泊的影响提供参考。以中国西北内陆区5个典型湖泊为研究对象,利用1970-2015年的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI影像数据,利用归一化差异水体指数(Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI)和改进型归一化差异水体指数(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index,MNDWI)分别提取5个典型湖泊边界并获取湖泊面积,同时利用5个典型湖泊周边的气象站降雨量、蒸发量等气象数据,尝试分析湖泊面积发生变化的原因。结果表明:红碱淖近30年来面积呈减小趋势,入湖河流拦蓄和煤炭地下开采等是导致面积减少的原因;博斯腾湖近40年来的面积呈先增加后减少的趋势,其面积变化主要受地表径流和积雪融水的影响;呼伦湖近40年来面积呈减少的趋势,其面积变化主要受入湖径流量的影响;贝尔湖近30年来呈相对稳定的趋势,其面积变化主要入湖径流量的影响;青海湖近40年来面积呈现先减小后增大的趋势,其面积变化主要受区域降水和入湖径流量的影响。     

输血后丙型肝炎病毒NS4区抗体的动态变化及其诊断意义

利用重组NS4抗原及合成肽5－11抗原分别检测5例输血后丙型肝炎患者的系列血清136份，并与HCV总抗体及HCVRNA检测结果比较，发现抗NS4抗体的动态变化虽然有两种模式，但在多数情况下为一种模式，即抗体阳转后很少转阴，并且其动态变化基本与总抗体相似。同时发现2例病人抗NS4抗体阳转时间早于总抗体，因此，推测HCV检测试剂中增加NS4抗原可能对提高HCV诊断试剂的灵敏度有一定意义。     

颜色和形状特征分离和局部整合的研究

特征绑定是特征分离和整合的过程。为探究视觉系统处理图像颜色和形状特征的动态绑定过程,提出基于任务的独立成分分析(T_ICA)和最短距离聚类相结合的方法,并将其应用于任务态下采集的脑功能(fMRI)数据,实现颜色和形状处理功能的分离和局部整合。结果表明,T_ICA将f MRI数据分离成彼此独立的特征成分,其中包含有目标特征成分和其他成分;聚类方法实现了颜色功能和形状功能的局部整合,形成了两个分别处理颜色和形状的基本感知系统。通过研究人脑视觉特征绑定机制为计算机视觉捆绑的研究与应用提供一定的参考价值。     

一种基于点集拓扑分形变幻的云计算登录认证方法

考虑到云服务登录安全性及便捷性的需求,针对单点登录认证模式,提出云计算的统一登录认证方法,并采用点集拓扑分形变幻方法生成随机密钥,提高登录认证的安全等级。首先对云计算登录认证系统结构进行分析,然后以网络公共数据库中的指纹图像为例,进行分形变幻环运算,生成伪随机序列,再将这些序列加密并通过UDP发送给服务器端进行认证,最后进行实例仿真。     

基于PLC的船舶机舱监测报警系统的改进方案

针对原机舱监测报警系统的老化以及无法表示监测点的具体数值的问题,利用西门子PLC S7-200作为数据的采集和发送单元,利用西门子触摸屏MP377搭载组态软件WinCC flexible 2010,对数据进行实时的监测与报警,同时PLC将机舱监测报警系统所有测点的实时数据发送到轮机长室,实现对机舱主机及付机的各项参数的实时监测。改进的监测系统已经投入使用,事实证明该系统安全可靠。     

基于VB的高层电梯运行仿真设计与实现

以Visual Basic 6.0为软件开发平台,对高层电梯运行进行仿真设计.系统以动态画面实时反映电梯运行状态,并对运行状态参数信息进行数据显示、存储以及报表打印,实现对电梯系统的实时监控,为电梯在运行过程中故障的发现、分析、排除提供了方便.     

中温相变蓄热材料研究进展

对中温相变蓄热材料(PCM)的定义范畴、应用领域、国内外发展现状进行了评述。中温PCM主要针对90~550℃的热动力环境,在太阳能热发电、有机朗肯循环、移动蓄热技术、分布式能源系统等方面有广阔的应用前景。指出进一步的研究方向是拓展中温PCM的应用场合,规范长期稳定性的表征与测试手段,重视与换热器开发以及应用领域的整合,并提出硝酸盐熔融盐混和物将是今后一段时期内中温PCM研发和培育的重点产品对象。