Optimal structural topologies with transmissible loads

In optimal topological design of structures one obtains the configuration of optimal structures when the design domain, the displacement boundary conditions and the applied loads are specified. In the optimal structure one often notices a marked difference between the main bearing structure and the load transfer zones. The latter are composed of relatively light elements the exact nature of which is not always very distinct. The main purpose of this paper is to allow the main bearing part of the structure to emerge. Moreover the actual location of the load along its line of action is not always a design requirement. In order to include this relaxed condition regarding the loading position the concept of transmissible or sliding forces is introduced in topological design of structures. A transmissible force is a force of given magnitude and direction which can be applied at any point along the line of action of the force. The optimization formulation is similar to standard topological design procedure in addition to the condition of transmissability of the forces. It is shown that this condition reduces to an equal displacement constraint along the line of action of the forces. The method is illustrated by typical structural examples. It is observed that this numerical method produces indeed crisp images of the main structural components, unblurred by the secondary load transfer elements. It is also indicated that many results are often replicas of Prager structures which were previously obtained by analytical methods. Received March 3, 1999     

Current variability in a wide and open lacustrine embayment in Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

Field measurements and numerical simulations were used to determine the effects of dominant meteorological conditions on the hydrodynamics of a wide (aspect ratio ~ 2), relatively deep (seasonally stratified) and open lake embayment (Vidy Bay, Lake Geneva). A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (Delft3D-FLOW) was employed to simulate flow in the lake. High-resolution maps of wind, temperature and humidity (over the lake) were applied as input to drive the model. Because wind was the main force driving flow in the lake, currents in the embayment were investigated systematically for different wind conditions and seasonal stratification. Satisfactory model validation was achieved using drifter and moored measurements within the embayment. Markedly different circulation patterns were measured within the embayment, with the transition from one pattern to another occurring abruptly for small changes in wind direction. These distinct patterns resulted from relatively small changes in the large gyre of Lake Geneva's main basin, especially the angle between the current in front of the embayment and the embayment shoreline. The boundary between the embayment and the pelagic zone was defined by the largest gyre within the embayment. This study shows that, (i) in a large lake, complex current patterns can occur even within a minor embayment, and (ii) that these patterns can transition rapidly over a small range of wind directions. Near-shore gyre can occur for lengthy periods, which has implications for flushing of discharges within the embayment.     

A wind-flutter energy converter for powering wireless sensors

This paper describes a low-speed wind energy harvesting system that transfers aerodynamically induced flutter energy into electrical energy. A random airflow generates mechanical vibrations due to the fluid-structure interaction between a flexible belt and the airflow. An electromagnetic resonator with copper coils and a permanent magnet is designed to efficiently harvest electrical energy from the induced mechanical vibrations. Different groups of springs are compared at various wind conditions to maximize the power output. Typically ∼7 mW of electrical energy can be obtained at ∼3 m/s wind speed with a 1 m long belt. A power conditioning circuit with a charge pump and a DC-DC converter is used to convert the generated voltage into a stable 3.3 V DC for consumption. It is demonstrated that this generator can be used to drive a commercial wireless temperature sensor.     

行车和温度荷载作用下沥青路面的松弛响应分析

目的研究沥青混凝土路面在行车和温度荷载作用下的松弛特性,更好地做到防裂控制工作．方法确定黏弹性材料参数及能够反应温度、沥青混合料黏弹性本构关系,建立典型的路面结构三维有限元模型,模拟面层材料在不同初始变形的应力状态,分析路表弯沉、沥青面层层底和土基顶面的响应．结果沥青路面在荷栽和温度作用下,面层黏弹性材料会使路面应力减小．面层层底和基层层底应力会发生松弛,最后趋于稳定值;在行车载荷作用下弯沉会随着时间的推移发生回弹,最后逐渐趋于稳定．结论松弛是材料本身属性与其他因素无关;应力松弛模量越小,松弛性能越好,低温抗裂性越好．     

埋地天然气管道泄漏数值模拟

给出了天然气管道泄漏几何区域图形,建立了天然气泄漏控制方程,基于控制体积原理和多孔介质理论,利用计算流体力学软件对埋地天然气管道泄漏过程进行了数值模拟。通过模拟,得到了天然气在土壤和空气中泄漏浓度分布,并分析了风速对天然气组分的扩散影响规律,确定了安全区域,为天然气管道泄漏应急救援和安全管理提供了理论依据。     

Movements with Lateral Constraint

Abstract

The literature on terminal control tasks and continuous tracking tasks suggests a possible model for tasks where the subject must guide a vehicle at his own speed along a course defined by a tolerance band. The model predicts a linear relationship between the average velocity and the width of the tolerance band. Throe experiments are described which simulate vehicle guidance by pencil-and-paper experiments for courses consisting of straight lines and circles. The predictions of the model were confirmed, suggesting that a general measure for the ease of control of a vehicle (or other controlled system) is possible using this technique.     

无线传感器网络在风力发电中的应用研究

为解决风力发电场中现有测控方法存在的成本高、维护难等问题,通过对无线传感器网络和风力发电场特点进行研究,设计了一种基于无线传感器网络的传输平台.该平台使用基于ZigBee技术的CC2420芯片进行数据传输,并利用OPNET软件对其网络传输特性进行网络仿真.仿真结果有力地证明了无线传感器网络应用于风力发电场的可行性,该网络平台能够很好地完成风力发电场的数据检测和数据传输任务.     

双馈风力发电系统网侧低电压穿越控制策略研究

电网电压跌落是电网常见的故障之一,其会为风电机组的安全持续运行和维持电网的稳定埋下极大的安全隐患。为了解决此问题,论文简述了风力发电机组网侧变流器实现低电压穿越的现实技术方案,分析了电网电压跌落时直流母线电压波动机理,改进了网侧变流器实现低电压穿越的技术方案—前馈控制策略。仿真表明,文中设计的改进方案相较传统方案能减小了直流母线电压的波动,能使系统迅速恢复稳态。     

Base Pressure Measurements under a Scale Model Stockpile

The ability of a granular bulk material to transmit internal shear stress is a fundamental property that is often overlooked or underestimated, yet it is this ability that allows many observed physical phenomena to occur. One such area that continues to be a focus for numerical, theoreticals and experimental researchers is the pressure that a stockpile of granular material places on the supporting surface. While appearing to be a simple problem, the ability of granular materials to transmit shear stress makes this an extremely complex problem. This article presents high-quality data collected under a 2 m high stockpile and full details of the experimental facilities used in the collection of the data.

The work presented is of significant value, having a much greater scale than previous studies (Jotaki & Moriyama, 1979; Lee & Herington, 1971; Smid & Novosad, 1981), and the deliberate inclusion of a central reclaim channel offers insight into stress changes during gravity reclaim and refilling. The results of this work have shown that the so-called 'M' pressure does exist under larger stockpiles both with and without reclaim hoppers; of more significance is the reemergence of the M pressure upon refilling of an emptied stockpile. This clearly illustrates that the M pressure is a robust and natural pressure distribution for a conical stockpile.     

飞机模型带动力风洞实验高功率密度电机研制

针对飞机模型带动力风洞实验要求驱动电机功率大、尺寸小和转速高的特点，结合某型号飞机实验用16kW电机的研制，提出了根据电机功率密度要求，通过类比法获得长时工作制电机的发热时间常数，计算获得短时工作制条件下电机的初步额定功率，进行电磁及结构优化设计和发热校核，最后进行电机轴的强度和刚度校核设计，同时介绍了地面空载和负载实验方法。