纸浆漂白过程流中非过程铁元素的表征

以新制铁和陈化铁模拟纸浆漂白过程流中的非过程铁元素,研究了非过程铁元素存在颗粒的粒径大小和分布、表面形态和物象组成.研究发现,新制铁胶体颗粒以纳米级存在(210～250 nm),并随体系pH值增加而增加,其密度和体积分布呈双峰分布.70 ℃水浴加热1 h后,新制铁胶体颗粒粒径明显增加,pH 13时达到1 620 nm.陈化铁颗粒粒径较大,高达10 μm.IR、XRD、SEM-EDS分析表明,以新制铁形式的非过程铁胶体颗粒没有结晶成分存在,其宏观分子式为Fe29.1O17.2(OH)52.9;以陈化铁形式存在的非过程铁胶体颗粒主要以Fe2O3晶体存在,其宏观分子式为Fe34.7O38.8(OH)26.5.     

Microstructure of Pd/CeO2 catalyst: Effect of high temperature reduction in hydrogen

The effect of high temperature reduction (HTR) in hydrogen (up to 1180 K) on the microstructure of 9 wt.-% Pd/CeO₂ catalyst was studied by HRTEM and XRD methods. Reduction of the catalyst at or above 973 K caused severe recrystallization of CeO₂ and Pd with simultaneous strong interaction between the two components appearing as three phenomena: epitaxial growth of small Pd particles on CeO₂ (most frequently with [111]Pd[111]CeO₂); decoration of large Pd particles with ordered CeO₂ overlayer and expansion of the lattice parameter of Pd (by 2.1%). The origin of the Pd lattice expansion is discussed and diffusion of Ce species into the Pd lattice seems to be the most probable one. HTR caused also phase transformations in the ceria support. At 973 K and 1100 K, whole CeO₂ was transformed into oxygen deficient CeO_x phase exhibiting the same or similar structure but with expanded lattice parameter (by 2.8%). At 1180 K most ceria was transformed into hexagonal A-Ce₂₃. The CeO_x phase appeared to be stable in hydrogen and in vacuum at room temperature, but upon exposure to air at room temperature it rapidly reoxidised to CeO₂. Ce₂O₃ also reoxidised to CeO₂ but much slower. Another consequence of HTR at or above 773 K was formation of pits in CeO₂ crystallites, mainly on (112)-type crystal faces. The pits (1–10 nm) exhibited well defined walls parallel to CeO₂ lattice fringes and they could possibly constitute nucleation sites for strongly bonded, epitaxial oriented Pd particles.     

邯郸膨润土的特征研究

采用化学成分分析、X-射线衍射分析、红外光谱、差热分析和扫描电镜等分析方法,研究了邯郸膨润土的特征。分析结果显示,邯郸膨润土是一典型的钙基膨润土,蒙脱石含量50%左右。进行人工钠化改性所获得的膨润土具有天然钠基膨润土同样的特性。     

Teaching and Learning Crystal structures through Virtual Reality based systems

Teaching and learning through Virtual Reality(VR) is an emerging technology in the last few years. In this article, the development and use of a VR based teaching–learning system for crystal structures are discussed. The VR system is designed as a lab environment where a user can do experiments related to crystal structures. The VR system is designed in Unity,¹ and Oculus Rift S² is used as a VR headset. Currently, the system consists of three phases; in the first phase user can visualize the crystal lattice structures, wherein the second one a user can visualize the light interaction with the crystal lattice structure using a virtual torch ray. The third phase is the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) experiment. In this phase, users can perform the XRD experiment in the lab environment by taking a random crystal from a crystal dispenser machine and placing it in the X-ray machine which identifies the chosen crystalline material and analyses the unit cell. The incident ray colour changes when there is a peak found in the crystal for a better understanding of the user. There is also an interactive display where users can increase/decrease the angles of the radiation and also lock and unlock the experiment to view the diffraction plot for the crystal structure. In many cases, it was found that XRD and the crystal structure is available in the course syllabus but there are no experiments to enhance their learning. Therefore an experiment with 39 participants was performed where the maximum participants are new to crystallography. The study was conducted in two phases; in the first phase, participants are asked to watch video tutorials of the topic followed by questionnaires; in the second phase participants are asked to do the VR based experiment and followed by questionnaires related to overall study and experiment. From the analysis of the study we found that everyone found VR based teaching methods are better than traditional book/video studies. Study results give an average score of 56.74% in comparison to VR based learning approach with an average score of 93.81%. Participants who took part in the experiment found the experience interactive and motivating and found it helpful to learn elusive concepts, which can be learned when simulated. For example, one participant wrote: “The VR experience was surreal and was easy to control. Lucid user experience. Got a view of XRD like never seen before”.     

超细矿粉对混凝土界面区硫酸盐腐蚀的影响

为了研究骨料与水泥石界面区(ITZ)的组成及结构对混凝土抗硫酸盐腐蚀性能的影响,利用紫外分光光度计绘制了硫酸钠溶液浸泡混凝土试样的SO2-4浸入浓度/深度曲线,并辅以扫描电镜(SEM)和电子探针能谱(EDS)等对ITZ进行观测;同时利用XRD定量分析研究了混凝土本体相和界面相的水化产物富集的差异.结果表明:Ca(OH)2、钙矾石(AFt)等晶体富集于硫酸钠溶液浸泡后试样的ITZ,引起AFt二次结晶型的硫酸盐腐蚀破坏.在适量石膏的激发下,掺入超细矿粉(GGBS)可阻止AFt转变成单硫型水化硫铝酸钙(AFm),减少AFt二次结晶的生成,明显提高抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力,试样的同深度硫酸根浓度最低,抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能最好.     

Preparation and characterization of PEGDE crosslinked silk fibroin film

To obtain water-insoluble silk fibroin(SF) materials, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether(PEG-DE) was selected as a crosslinking agent to prepare SF films(blends). The reaction conditions were optimized for the crosslinking of the SF molecules. The hot water stability of the blends was measured using BCA protein assay and gravimetric analysis. The molecular conformation and crystalline structure of the blends were analyzed by FTIR and XRD, respectively. When the mass ratio of SF:PEG-DE was 1.0:0.8, the hot water loss rate of the SF blends was minimized. PEG-DE could induce SF molecules to form β-sheets during the gel reaction process, resulting in improved crystallinity and hot water dissolved resistance of the blend films. In order to demonstrate the cytotoxicity of the chemical reagents used to crosslink SF, L929 cells were seeded on the blend film(SF:PEG-DE = 1:1) and cultured for 3 days. Cells of L929 readily adhered and spread in the fusiform on the blend film resulting in high cell viability. The extracted liquid from the SF porous film did not inhibit cell proliferation, as estimated by the MTT assay.     

负载型钼基催化剂的制备及其合成甲硫醇的性能研究

本文采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列负载型钼基催化剂,系统研究了不同K/Mo摩尔比、第二助剂和不同载体的钼基催化剂对混合气(CO/H2S/H2)制备甲硫醇性能的影响.由催化剂的活性评价可知,当K/Mo摩尔比为2.0时,催化剂具有最大的反应活性;分别添加铁、钴和镍3种过渡金属制备的催化剂对甲硫醇的选择性大小顺序为:CoNiFe;比较SBA-15和Si O2两种载体,发现K-Mo-Co/SBA-15的催化活性明显高于K-Mo-Co/Si O2,甲硫醇的选择性达到46.77%.实验分别采用N2-吸脱附、XRD和H2-TPR等手段对不同K/Mo摩尔比和负载2种不同载体的钼基催化剂进行了表征,并对催化剂的结构和性能进行了探讨.     

纳米TiO2碳热氮化制备纳米晶Ti(C0.7,N0.3)固溶体

在封闭系统中,对纳米TiO2碳热还原氮化反应合成纳米晶Ti(C,N)固溶体粉末进行研究。结果表明,当以C/Ti值为2.7配料,氮气压力为0.005 MPa时,一定量纳米TiO2/纳米碳黑混合料在1600℃下保温4 h,可以合成晶粒尺寸为32 nm的球形Ti(C0.7,N0.3)固溶体粉末。     

电铸金刚石-镍复合膜微观应力分析

用电铸方法，采用低应力电镀液，研制出了金刚石-金属复合膜。该复合膜的厚度为20-45μm，可用于制作超薄切割刀具。介绍了用X射线衍射法（xRD）测量多晶体微观应力的基本原理和用X射线衍射法测量镍多晶体显微应变的程序。用单波法计算了电铸金刚石-镍复合膜的显微应变，并用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了该复合膜的表面形貌。结果发现：阴极电流密度严重影响复合膜的显微应变，在实验所用电流密度范围内（0．6-3．5A／dm^2），随着电流密度的增加，显微应变减小。     

GaAs／AlAs DBR的GSMBE优化生长及表征

采用气态源分子束外延（GSMBE）技术优化生长了GaAs／AlAs分布布拉格反射镜（DBR）材料，并用X射线衍射（XRD）及反射光谱对其生长质量进行了表征。结果表明，采用5S间断生长的GaAs／AlAs DBR材料质量和界面质量优于无间断生长，并且10对GaAs／AlAs DBR的质量优于30对，说明DBR对数越多，周期厚度波动越大，材料质量越差。优化生长得到的30对GaAs／AlAsDBR的反射率大于99％，中心波长为1316nm，与理论设计结构的模拟结果基本一致，可用作1．3μm垂直腔面发射激光器（VVSEL）直接键合的反射腔镜。