面向事实性问题的答案选择技术研究综述

答案选择是问答系统的一个关键步骤,它的任务是从候选答案集中选择出最佳答案返给用户,其主要研究内容包括答案选择的标准、方法及评价。该文首先介绍了主要的答案选择标准,分析了答案选择标准与问答系统评测之间的关系。然后将答案选择策略分为基于冗余的策略、基于相似性的策略和基于推理的策略,分别对每种策略的主要答案选择方法和特点进行了概述。随后又介绍了答案选择的评价指标及答案验证评测。最后讨论了答案选择所面临的主要问题,并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

Collaborative virtual learning environments: design and evaluation

E-learning systems have gone through a radical change from the initial text-based environments to more stimulating multimedia systems. Such systems are Collaborative Virtual Environments, which could be used in order to support collaborative e-learning scenarios. The main aim of this paper is to aid educational designers in selecting, designing and evaluating three dimensional collaborative virtual environments in order to gain the pedagogical benefits of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. Therefore, this paper initially discusses the potential of three dimensional networked virtual environments for supporting collaborative learning. Furthermore, based on a two-step platform selection process this paper (a) presents and compares three dimensional multi-user virtual environments for supporting collaborative learning and (b) validates the most promising solution against a set of design principles for educational virtual environments. According to these principles, an educational environment has been implemented on top of the selected platform in order to support collaborative e-learning scenarios. The design of this environment is also presented. In addition, this paper presents the results of three small scale studies carried out in a tertiary education department, to assess the educational environment. This environment has been evaluated based on a hybrid evaluation methodology for uncovering usability problems, collecting further requirements for additional functionality to support collaborative virtual learning environments, and determining the appropriateness of different kinds of learning scenarios.

On guiding the augmentation of an automated test suite via mutation analysis

Mutation testing has traditionally been used as a defect injection technique to assess the effectiveness of a test suite as represented by a “mutation score.” Recently, mutation testing tools have become more efficient, and industrial usage of mutation analysis is experiencing growth. Mutation analysis entails adding or modifying test cases until the test suite is sufficient to detect as many mutants as possible and the mutation score is satisfactory. The augmented test suite resulting from mutation analysis may reveal latent faults and provides a stronger test suite to detect future errors which might be injected. Software engineers often look for guidance on how to augment their test suite using information provided by line and/or branch coverage tools. As the use of mutation analysis grows, software engineers will want to know how the emerging technique compares with and/or complements coverage analysis for guiding the augmentation of an automated test suite. Additionally, software engineers can benefit from an enhanced understanding of efficient mutation analysis techniques. To address these needs for additional information about mutation analysis, we conducted an empirical study of the use of mutation analysis on two open source projects. Our results indicate that a focused effort on increasing mutation score leads to a corresponding increase in line and branch coverage to the point that line coverage, branch coverage and mutation score reach a maximum but leave some types of code structures uncovered. Mutation analysis guides the creation of additional “common programmer error” tests beyond those written to increase line and branch coverage. We also found that 74% of our chosen set of mutation operators is useful, on average, for producing new tests. The remaining 26% of mutation operators did not produce new test cases because their mutants were immediately detected by the initial test suite, indirectly detected by test suites we added to detect other mutants, or were not able to be detected by any test.

Technology application in project-based learning

Project-based learning is a student-centered comprehensive instructional approach where students collectively engage themselves in complex learning tasks. Recent advances in educational technologies have made student-centered learning in a technology rich environment both possible and feasible. This paper will report part of a larger study carried out at a school in the United States of America on the use ofconstructivism and technology in project-based learning. Data collection techniques included those typically associated with qualitative field research. In this paper, the technological infrastructure of the school and how technology is used in one of the project-based learning classes will be provided. Based on this study, some suggestions are also provided on how technology can be used in the context of other countries including in Malaysia.     

二年制计算机应用专业双语教学的研究与探讨

双语教学是培养高素质双语人才的重要途径。本文分析了二年制计算机应用专业课程实施双语教学的意义,从教材、教学方法等方面就如何在二年制计算机应用专业中开展双语教学进行了研究与探讨。     

视觉传达设计中数字的应用及其审美

数字不仅作为一种文化现象在传播,而且作为一种符号也被高效率地再表现和再认识,它是视觉传达设计中的设计元素。本文试从数字在东西方的释义及数字在设计作品中的应用及其审美介绍入手,阐述数字在视觉传达设计中的重要性。     

中国传统元素在商业展示设计中的应用

随着当代商品经济的迅速发展,商品的展示设计在商业的竞争和发展中的地位也显得越发突出,它所带来到经济效益也是我们所无法忽视的。中国是当今经济发展速度最快的国家之一,越来越重视商业艺术设计对经济的促进和发展所带来的效果;同时在对其不断的认识和学习中,总结和研究出了适合自身的艺术设计特点,使中国传统文化元素融入到商品的展示中去,达到了市场促销的目的和商品经济的发展,从而使中国的商业艺术快速健康稳步的前进。     

从传统到现代——浅析屏风在室内环境中的应用

本文通过对屏风在传统与现代室内环境中运用的浅析,概括说明屏风的发展历程及其变化特点。指出屏风的发展应顺应时代,以适应现代室内设计中的不同应用。     

塑料在汽车设计领域中的应用和创新应用

纵观汽车的百年发展史,不难发现塑料在汽车制造和设计当中扮演的角色越来越重要。讨论塑料在汽车工业当中的应用,大概可以从两个方向入手,其一是基于改进传统制造工艺的应用,其二是塑料在未来汽车领域的应用前景开发。了解目前应用状况,以及国际范围内塑料领域应用的前沿动态,对促进和启迪我国汽车工业乃至塑料工业的蓬勃发展是十分重要的。     

光元素在产品设计中的应用

本文从目前产品设计发展趋势角度出发,结合光的物理特性,重点阐述光元素作为视觉造型语言在产品设计中应用。以此来丰富产品造型语汇,扩展光元素的使用领域.