Happiness versus sadness as a determinant of thought confidence in persuasion: A self-validation analysis.

The present research introduces a new mechanism by which emotion can affect evaluation. On the basis of the self-validation hypothesis (R. E. Petty, P. Bri?ol, & Z. L. Tormala, see record 2002-12575-003), the authors predicted and found that emotion can influence evaluative judgments by affecting the confidence people have in their thoughts to a persuasive message. In each study, participants first read a strong or weak persuasive communication. After listing their thoughts about the message, participants were induced to feel happy or sad. Relative to sad participants, those put in a happy state reported more thought confidence. As a consequence, the effect of argument quality on attitudes was greater for happy than for sad participants. These self-validation effects generalized across different emotion inductions, different persuasion topics, and different measures of thought confidence. In one study, happy and sad conditions each differed from a neutral affect control. Most important, these metacognitive effects of emotion only occurred under high elaboration conditions. In contrast, individuals with relatively low motivation to think showed a main effect of emotion on attitudes, regardless of argument quality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychologists' Attitudes and Therapeutic Approaches Toward Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues Continue To Improve: An Update.

Psychologists' attitudes and approaches toward the gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) lifestyle continue to change, on the basis of results from 437 responding members of the American Psychological Association. Psychologists are more likely to view an active GLB lifestyle-identity as acceptable and non-pathological, more likely to support and provide gay-affirmative therapy, and much less likely to support changing sexual orientation through psychotherapy. Female psychologists are significantly more likely to view a GLB lifestyle as accepting and to provide gay-affirmative therapy to GLB clients compared with their male counterparts. Finally, training opportunities for psychologists involving GLB issues appear to be increasing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the (un)conditionality of automatic attitude activation: The valence proportion effect.

Affective priming studies have shown that participants are faster to pronounce affectively polarized target words that are preceded by affectively congruent prime words than affectively polarized target words that are preceded by affectively incongruent prime words. We examined whether affective priming of naming responses depends on the valence proportion (i.e., the proportion of stimuli that are affectively polarized). In one group of participants, experimental trials were embedded in a context of filler trials that consisted of affectively polarized stimulus materials (i.e., high valence proportion condition). In a second group, the same set of experimental trials was embedded in a context of filler trials consisting of neutral stimuli (i.e., low valence proportion condition). Results showed that affective priming of naming responses was significantly stronger in the high valence proportion condition than in the low valence proportion condition. We conclude that (a) subtle aspects of the procedure can influence affective priming of naming responses, (b) finding affective priming of naming responses does not allow for the conclusion that affective stimulus processing is unconditional, and (c) affective stimulus processing depends on selective attention for affective stimulus information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

One-dimensional consolidation of double-layered soil with non-Darcian flow described by exponent and threshold gradient

Based on non-Darcian flow law described by exponent and threshold gradient within a double-layered soil, the classic theory of one-dimensional consolidation of double-layered soil was modified to consider the change of vertical total stress with depth and time together. Because of the complexity of governing equations, the numerical solutions were obtained in detail by finite difference method. Then, the numerical solutions were compared with the analytical solutions in condition that non-Darcian flow law was degenerated to Dary’s law, and the comparison results show that numerical solutions are reliable. Finally, consolidation behavior of double-layered soil with different parameters was analyzed, and the results show that the consolidation rate of double-layered soil decreases with increasing the value of exponent and threshold of non-Darcian flow, and the exponent and threshold gradient of the first soil layer greatly influence the consolidation rate of double-layered soil. The larger the ratio of the equivalent water head of external load to the total thickness of double-layered soil, the larger the rate of the consolidation, and the similitude relationship in classical consolidation theory of double-layered soil is not satisfied. The other consolidation behavior of double-layered soil with non-Darcian flow is the same as that with Darcy’s law.     

第二语言课堂交流意愿研究

本研究以Gardner的社会教育模型和MacIntyre等人的L2交际意愿模型为理论依据者,通过问卷调查、课堂观察和访谈相结合,调查了复合型专业本科生英语交流意愿和影响交流意愿的因素。研究发现：(1)被试者对自己的交际能力评价中等,交流意愿中等;(2)课堂活动态度对交流意愿有预测作用;(3)被试者以往的学习经历和体验对交流意愿有负面影响。     

Stability analysis for T–S fuzzy systems with interval time‐varying delays and nonlinear perturbations

This paper is concerned with the problem of the robust stability for T–S fuzzy systems with interval time‐varying delay and nonlinear perturbations. The key features of the approach include the introduction of uncorrelated augmented matrix items into the Lyapunov functional and the use of some appropriate integral inequalities. Unlike the existing methodologies, the proposed approach involves neither free weighting matrices nor any model transformation. It can, however, lead to much less conservative stability criteria than the existing ones for the systems under consideration. The cases of perturbations are assumed to both nonlinear time‐varying perturbations and time‐varying uncertainties in linear fractional form. Numerical examples show that the obtained results are less conservative than the existing ones in the literature. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fatigue peeling at rubber interfaces

Abstract

A fatigue peeling test has been developed to evaluate the failure of rubber to rubber interfaces under cyclic loading. Results obtained through this method have been compared to those of a typical fatigue crack growth experiment. The results show that the trends between these two failure modes are similar with the peeling necessary to drive the crack being slightly higher than the strain energy release rate at the same crack growth rate. Cyclic and time dependent contributions to the fatigue crack growth behaviour have been calculated using this test for an styrene–butadiene rubber compound and the results appear to be consistent with previous work although the origin of the cyclic contribution remains uncertain. The influence of pressure at the interface during vulcanisation has also been investigated and it has been observed that the fatigue peel behaviour is proportional to the surface area of contact developed during the curing cycle.     

Rate mechanisms of plasticity in semi-crystalline polyethylene

Based on our experiments on polyethylene where we have observed a constant level of plastic resistance, independent of lamella thickness exceeding 40 nm, we have fundamentally re-considered the rate controlling mechanisms of crystal plasticity in semi-crystalline polymers. In this we have not only re-examined and made modifications to the widely accepted mechanism of Young (Young RJ. Mater Forum 1988;11:210.) of monolithic nucleation of screw dislocations from edges of crystalline lamellae predicting an increase in plastic resistance with increasing lamella thickness, but we are proposing here two new modes of nucleation of both edge and screw dislocation half loops from lamella faces that are independent of lamella thickness. These two new modes of dislocation nucleation explain well the observed transition from a plastic resistance increasing with lamella thickness to one of constant resistance above a lamella thickness of ca. 35 nm in polyethylene. They also provide a more satisfactory framework to explain the temperature and strain rate dependence of the plastic resistance of polyethylene and predict the observed levels of activation volumes determined by us.     

Complete convergence of stochastic approximation algorithm in ℝd under random noises

In this article, we study a stochastic approximation algorithm that approximates the exact root θ of a function M defined in ?^d into ?^d. The function M cannot be known exactly, but only noisy measurements are available at each point x_n with the error ξ_n. The sequence of noise (_ξn)n is random; we treat both cases where it is independent and dependent and we establish the complete convergence of the approximated sequence of θ.     

A systematic comparison of PCA‐based Statistical Process Monitoring methods for high‐dimensional,time‐dependent Processes

High‐dimensional and time‐dependent data pose significant challenges to Statistical Process Monitoring. Most of the high‐dimensional methodologies to cope with these challenges rely on some form of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model, usually classified as nonadaptive and adaptive. Nonadaptive methods include the static PCA approach and Dynamic Principal Component Analysis (DPCA) for data with autocorrelation. Methods, such as DPCA with Decorrelated Residuals, extend DPCA to further reduce the effects of autocorrelation and cross‐correlation on the monitoring statistics. Recursive Principal Component Analysis and Moving Window Principal Component Analysis, developed for nonstationary data, are adaptive. These fundamental methods will be systematically compared on high‐dimensional, time‐dependent processes (including the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process) to provide practitioners with guidelines for appropriate monitoring strategies and a sense of how they can be expected to perform. The selection of parameter values for the different methods is also discussed. Finally, the relevant challenges of modeling time‐dependent data are discussed, and areas of possible further research are highlighted. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1478–1493, 2016