Adjustment following sexual abuse discovery: The role of shame and attributional style.

This study examined adjustment following sexual abuse as a function of shame and attributional style. One hundred forty-seven participants (83 children and 64 adolescents) were seen at the time of abuse discovery and again 1 year later. Once adjustment at abuse discovery was accounted for, shame and attribution style explained additional variation in subsequent adjustment, whereas abuse severity did not. A pessimistic attribution style at abuse discovery moderated the relation between severity of abuse and subsequent depressive symptoms and self-esteem. The relations between abuse severity and these outcomes were significant only at high levels of pessimistic attribution style. Of note, patterns of change in shame and attribution predicted which children remained at risk or improved in adjustment. In addition, age and gender differences were found in adjustment over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Performance benefits of depression: Sequential decision making in a healthy sample and a clinically depressed sample.

Previous research reported conflicting results concerning the influence of depression on cognitive task performance. Whereas some studies reported that depression enhances performance, other studies reported negative or null effects. These discrepant findings appear to result from task variation, as well as the severity and treatment status of participant depression. To better understand these moderating factors, we study the performance of individuals—in a complex sequential decision task similar to the secretary problem—who are nondepressed, depressed, and recovering from a major depressive episode. We find that depressed individuals perform better than do nondepressed individuals. Formal modeling of participants' decision strategies suggested that acutely depressed participants had higher thresholds for accepting options and made better choices than either healthy participants or those recovering from depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cultural syndromes and age moderate the emotional impact of illness intrusiveness in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective: The authors investigated cultural syndromes (multidimensional vectors comprising culturally based attitudes, values, and beliefs) and age as moderators of the emotional impact of illness intrusiveness—illness-induced lifestyle disruptions—in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and examined illness intrusiveness effects in total and separately for three life domains (relationships and personal development, intimacy, and instrumental). Research Method/Design: People with RA (n = 105) completed the Illness Intrusiveness Ratings, Individualism–Collectivism, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression scales in a one-on-one interview. Results: Controlling for disease and background characteristics, the association between illness intrusiveness (total score and the Relationships and Personal Development subscale) and distress was inverse when young adults with RA endorsed high horizontal individualism. Illness intrusiveness into intimacy was associated with increased distress, and this intensified when respondents endorsed high vertical individualism, horizontal collectivism, vertical collectivism, or low horizontal individualism. The negative emotional impact of illness intrusiveness into intimacy diminished with increasing age. Conclusion: Given an aging and increasingly pluralistic society, diversity can no longer be ignored in addressing the psychosocial impact of chronic, disabling disease. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Gut Microbiome in Depression and Potential Benefit of Prebiotics,Probiotics and Synbiotics: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Observational Studies

An emerging body of literature demonstrates differences in the gut microbiome (GMB) of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to healthy controls (HC), as well as the potential benefits of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic treatment. We conducted a systematic review of 24 observational studies (n = 2817), and 19 interventional trials (n = 1119). We assessed alpha diversity, beta diversity, and taxa abundance changes in patients with MDD relative to HC, as well as the effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on depressive symptoms in individuals with clinical or subclinical depression. We observed no significant differences in alpha diversity but a significant difference in beta diversity between patients with MDD and HC. There were fluctuations in the abundance of specific taxa in patients with MDD relative to HC. Probiotic and synbiotic, but not prebiotic, treatment showed a modest benefit in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with MDD over four to nine weeks. The GMB profiles of patients with MDD differ significantly from HC, but further studies are needed to elucidate the benefits of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic treatments relative to antidepressants and over longer follow-up before these therapies are implemented into clinical practice.     

Predictors of the first onset of a major depressive episode and changes in depressive symptoms across adolescence: Stress and negative cognitions.

This 6-year longitudinal study examined stressors (e.g., interpersonal, achievement), negative cognitions (self-worth, attributions), and their interactions in the prediction of (a) the first onset of a major depressive episode (MDE), and (b) changes in depressive symptoms in adolescents who varied in risk for depression. The sample included 240 adolescents who were first evaluated in Grade 6 (M = 11.86 years old; SD = 0.57; 54.2% female) and then again annually through Grade 12. Stressful life events and depressive diagnoses were assessed with interviews; negative cognitions and depressive symptoms were assessed with self-report questionnaires. Discrete time hazard modeling revealed a significant interaction between interpersonal stressors and negative cognitions, indicating that first onset of an MDE was predicted by high negative cognitions in the context of low interpersonal stress, and by high levels of interpersonal stressors at both high and low levels of negative cognitions. Analyses of achievement stressors indicated significant main effects of stress, negative cognitions, and risk in the prediction of an MDE, but no interactions. With regard to the prediction of depressive symptoms, multilevel modeling revealed a significant interaction between interpersonal stressors and negative cognitions such that among adolescents with more negative cognitions, higher levels of interpersonal stress predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms, whereas at low levels of negative cognitions, the relation between interpersonal stressors and depression was not significant. Risk (i.e., maternal depression history) and sex did not further moderate these interactions. Implications for intervention are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Coping-anxiety and coping-depression motives predict different daily mood-drinking relationships.

Individuals with different drinking motives show distinctive patterns of alcohol use and problems. Drinking to cope, or endorsing strong coping motives for alcohol use, has been shown to be particularly hazardous. It is important to determine the unique triggers associated with coping drinking. One limitation of past research has been the failure to contend with the complexities inherent in coping motives. Using the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire–Revised (Grant, Stewart, O’Connor, Blackwell, & Conrod, 2007), which separates coping-anxiety and coping-depression motives, we investigated whether these motives moderated relationships between daily mood and subsequent drinking (statistically controlling for sex, baseline anxious and depressive symptomatology, initial alcohol problems, and additional drinking motives). College students (N = 146) provided daily reports of mood and alcohol consumption online for 3 weeks. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that, as hypothesized, stronger initial coping-depression motives predicted higher daily depressed mood-alcohol consumption slopes. Also consistent with expectation, stronger initial coping-anxiety motives predicted higher anxious mood-alcohol consumption slopes. We discuss how this identification of the unique mood triggers associated with each type of coping drinking motive can provide the basis for targeted interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

静息态功能脑网络差异指标分析及抑郁症分类应用

为了构建辅助诊断模型,以提高抑郁症诊断的准确率。在连续的阈值空间(8%~32%)内构建所有被试的功能脑网络并使用复杂网络理论对抑郁症患者的脑网络进行分析。通过设定阈值,根据统计显著性提取不同数量的节点属性与全局属性组合作为分类特征,并选择四种不同的分类算法进行分类研究,以得到构建一个准确率较高的模型。结果是SVM和神经网络算法在阈值P为0.05下,所建的模型的分类模型的准确率较高,分别达82.78%及81.36%,因此利用该方法所构建的诊断模型可以用于抑郁症的辅助临床诊断中。     

Structural significance of hypermodified nucleoside 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine (cmnm5U) from ‘wobble’ (34th) position of mitochondrial tRNAs: Molecular modeling and Markov state model studies

A quantum chemical semi-empirical RM1 approach was used to deduce the structural role of hypermodified nucleoside 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine 5ʹ-monophosphate (pcmnm⁵U) from ‘wobble’ (34th) position of mitochondrial tRNAs. The energetically preferred pcmnm⁵U₍₃₄₎ adopted a ‘skew’ conformation for C5-substituted side chain (-CH₂-NH₂⁺-CH₂-COO^-) moiety that orient towards the 5ʹ-ribose-phosphate backbone, which support ‘anti’ orientation of glycosyl (χ₃₄) torsion angle. Preferred conformation of pcmnm⁵U₍₃₄₎ was stabilized by O(4) … HC(10), O1P⋯HN(11), O(15) … HN(11), O(15) … HC(10), O4ʹ … HC(6) and O(2) … HC2ʹ hydrogen bonding interactions. The high flexibility of side chain moiety displayed different structural properties for pcmnm⁵U₍₃₄₎. Three different conformations of pcmnm⁵U₍₃₄₎ were observed in molecular dynamics simulations and Markov state model studies. The unmodified uracil revealed ‘syn’ and ‘anti’ orientations for glycosyl (χ₃₄) torsion angle that substantiate the role of “-CH₂-NH₂⁺-CH₂-COO^-” moiety in maintaining the ‘anti’ orientation of pcmnm⁵U₍₃₄₎. The preferred conformation of pcmnm⁵U₍₃₄₎ helps to recognize Guanosine more proficiently than Adenosine from the third position of codons. The role of pcmnm⁵U₍₃₄₎ in tRNA biogenesis paves the way to understand its structural significance in usual mitochondrial metabolism and respiration.