H7N9禽流感病毒及抗病毒药物研究进展

1997年发现H5N1禽流感病毒（H5N1 AIV）跨越物种障碍使人感染,致死率60%,表明H5N1是一强致病力的流感病毒。H7N9禽流感病毒是2013年3月在我国上海和安徽发现并感染人的一种新的禽流感病毒株。我国立即采取了重大措施加以控制。H7N9禽流感的出现受到了世界许多国家和世界卫生组织的严重关注。本文介绍了禽流感病毒的分类和命名法,及以往H7禽流感的流行和人感染病例,讨论了H7亚型致病力的机制,综述了H7N9流感病毒及抗病毒药物研究进展,为H7N9禽流感的预防、治疗的研究和新药开发提供有益的参考。     

QuEChERS结合UPLC-MS/MS法测定畜肉中8 种抗真菌药物残留

建立QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS）法快速测定猪肉、牛肉和羊肉中8 种抗真菌药物（氟康唑、酮康唑、萘替芬、联苯苄唑、克霉唑、益康唑、灰黄霉素、咪康唑）残留量的分析方法。利用加标样品对提取溶剂、提取时间、吸附剂种类、吸附剂用量及加盐量等参数进行优化,在最佳提取和检测条件下,采用正离子多反应监测模式分析和外标法定量,8 种抗真菌药物在7 min内完成测定,在0.05～10.00 ng/mL质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（r＞0.998）,检出限为0.1 μg/kg,定量限为0.3 μg/kg。在畜肉样品中添加8 种抗真菌药物具有良好的重复性和稳定性,准确度在15%以内,日内（n=6）平均回收率为85.7%～113.6%,日间（n=3）平均回收率为87.6%～107.9%,变异系数为1.2%～14.8%。QuEChERS结合UPLC-MS/MS处理过程简单、快速、高效、准确,可用于畜肉中8 种抗真菌药物残留量的快速定性和定量分析。     

超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器法快速测定保健食品中违法添加的14 种性功能药物

建立超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器检测方法同时、快速测定抗疲劳类及增强免疫力类保健食品中违法添加的14 种性功能类化学药物（那红地那非、红地那非、伐地那非、羟基豪莫西地那非、枸橼酸西地那非、豪莫西地那非、氨基他达拉非、他达拉非、硫代艾地那非、伪伐地那非、那莫西地那非、康力龙、丙酸睾酮、苯丙酸诺龙）。采用ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱,流动相A：乙腈-甲醇（90﹕10,V/V）,B：0.7%三乙胺溶液（pH 2.8）,梯度洗脱,流速0.35 mL/min。采集230 nm波长处的色谱图进行初筛和定量。根据14 种药物的光谱特征建立光谱库,确证检出化合物。结果表明：14 种性功能药物在15.0 min内可有效分离,在8～80 μg/mL的线性范围内相关系数均大于0.999 5,平均回收率为90.1%～106.5%,相对标准偏差为0.7%～4.9%,检测限为2～3 ng。该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高且重复性好,可作为检测抗疲劳类及增强免疫力类保健食品中违法添加化学药物的快速测定方法。     

分子蒸馏技术的特点及其在医药领域中的应用进展

本文阐述了分子蒸馏技术的基本原理和特点,比较了分子蒸馏和传统精馏的特点。介绍了近年来分子蒸馏技术在中药有效成分提取和西药成品绩及中间体分离纯化中的应用。     

Chemical safety of meat and meat products

Since the Second World War the consumer behaviour in developed countries changed drastically. Primarily there existed the demand for sufficient food after a period of starvation, afterwards the desire for higher quality was arising, whereas today most people ask for safe and healthy food with high quality. Therefore a united approach comprising consistent standards, sound science and robust controls is required to ensure consumers' health and to maintain consumers' confidence and satisfaction. Chemical analysis along the whole food chain downstream (tracking) from primary production to the consumer and upstream (tracing) from the consumer to primary production is an important prerequisite to ensure food safety and quality. In this frame the focus of the following paper is the “chemical safety of meat and meat products” taking into account inorganic as well as organic residues and contaminants, the use of nitrite in meat products, the incidence of veterinary drugs, as well as a Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) system assessing (prioritizing) vulnerable food chain steps to decrease or eliminate vulnerability.     

超声辅助提取技术在天然产物提取中的应用

简述超声辅助提取技术提高活性成分提取率的作用及原理,对超声辅助提取技术在天然产物有效成分(生物碱、黄酮、蒽醌、皂甙、植物油)提取方面,以及在农残分析样品提取方面的应用研究成果进行概述,并指出当前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

Development of natural anti-tumor drugs by microorganisms

Discoveries of tumor-resistant pharmacological drugs have mainly resulted from screening of natural products and their analogs. Some are also discovered incidentally when studying organisms. The great biodiversity of microorganisms raises the possibility of producing secondary metabolites (e.g., mevastatin, lovastatin, epothilone, salinosporamide A) to cope with adverse environments. Recently, natural plant pigments with anti-tumor activities such as β-carotene, lycopene, curcumin and anthocyanins have been proposed. However, many plants have a long life cycle. Therefore, pigments from microorganisms represent another option for the development of novel anti-tumor drugs. Prodigiosin (PG) is a natural red pigment produced by microorganisms, i.e., Serratia marcescens and other gram-negative bacteria. The anti-tumor potential of PG has been widely demonstrated. The families of PG (PGs), which share a common pyrrolylpyrromethene (PPM) skeleton, are produced by various bacteria. PGs are bioactive pigments and are known to exert immunosuppressive properties, in vitro apoptotic effects, and in vivo anti-tumor activities. Currently the most common strain used for producing PGs is S. marcescens. However, few reports have discussed PGs production. This review therefore describes the development of an anti-tumor drug, PG, that can be naturally produced by microorganisms, and evaluates the microbial production system, fermentation strategies, purification and identification processes. The application potential of PGs is also discussed.     

Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds: Influence of formulation parameters on Polymethoxyflavone crystallization

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) extracted from citrus peel exhibit potent anti-cancer activity, but are highly hydrophobic molecules with poor solubility in both water and oil at ambient and body temperature, which limits their bioavailability. The possibility of encapsulating PMFs within nanoemulsion-based delivery systems to facilitate their application in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products was investigated. The influence of oil type (corn oil, MCT, orange oil), emulsifier type (β-lactoglobulin, lyso-lecithin, Tween, and DTAB), and neutral cosolvents (glycerol and ethanol) on the formation and stability of PMF-loaded nanoemulsions was examined. Nanoemulsions (r < 100 nm) could be formed using high pressure homogenization for all emulsifier types, except DTAB. Lipid droplet charge could be altered from highly cationic (DTAB), to near neutral (Tween), to highly anionic (β-lactoglobulin, lyso-lecithin) by varying emulsifier type. PMF crystals formed in all nanoemulsions after preparation, which had a tendency to sediment during storage. The size, morphology, and aggregation of PMF crystals depended on preparation method, emulsifier type, oil type, and cosolvent addition. These results have important implications for the development of delivery systems for bioactive components that have poor oil and water solubility at application temperatures.     

A spheroplast rate assay for determination of cell wall integrity in yeast

The rate of formation of spheroplasts of yeast can be used as an assay to study the structural integrity of cell walls. Lysis can be measured spectrophotometrically in hypotonic solution in the presence of Zymolyase, a mixture of cell wall-digesting enzymes. The optical density of the cell suspension decreases as the cells lyse. We optimized this assay with respect to enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and growth conditions for several strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The level of variability (standard deviation) was 1–5% between trials where the replications were performed on the same culture using enzyme prepared from the same lot, and 5–15% for different cultures of the same strain. This assay can quantitate differences in cell wall structure (1) between exponentially growing and stationary phase cells, (2) among different S. cerevisiae strains, (3) between S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans, (4) between parental and mutated lines, and (5) between drug- or chemically-treated cells and controls. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乳源ACE抑制肽的制备及应用

近年来高血压成为威胁人类健康的第一大慢性病,由于常规降压药物对人体的损害,食源性降压肽成为研究的热点。目前研究发现了多种乳源ACE抑制肽,并得到应用。本文综述乳源ACE抑制肽的制备、纯化及应用现状。